scholarly journals Counteraction to High Treason in Russian Legislation of the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 337-356
Author(s):  
A. V. Makarov ◽  
N. Yu. Gusevskaya ◽  
A. S. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Foreign State ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
State Secrets

The problem of improving the criminal liability of the subjects of the Russian Empire at the end of the nineteenth century for espionage and spilling state secrets to a foreign state is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of the problem under study for the effective functioning of the Russian state. The study is based on historical sources of a regulatory and legal nature and is interdisciplinary in nature. Particular attention is paid to the study of legal norms, the identification of the type and amount of punishments for the commission of espionage by Russian citizens and spilling the state secrets to a foreign state. It is indicated that in the second half of the 19th century, the intensity of intelligence of foreign secret services in the territory of the Russian Empire increased. It is noted that more and more often foreign powers involved Russian subjects in the process of obtaining Russian secrets. At the same time, the analysis of the sources made it possible to reveal a sufficient limitation of the institution of counteracting espionage and disclosure of state secrets to foreign states in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. It is proved that it was precisely these phenomena at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries that determined the authorities’ desire to progressively improve legal mechanisms that counteract threats and challenges to national security.

scholarly journals Gypsies of the Belarusian Provinces and Land Management Policy at the turn of the 1830s-1840s

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-112
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the tsarist government in Russia faced the Gypsy question in the context of implementation of the society homogenization policy. There were campaigns initiated to fight with Gypsy vagrancyduring the 1770s-1810s, the primary target of which was to modernize the Gypsies of the Russian Empire and turn them into a constant component of rural or urban societies. However, despite the repressive tools included, these measures did not effect the desired result. The purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between the Belarusian Gypsies and the authorities when it came to acquisition of land and set up of arable farms in the late 1830s-early 1840s as part of implementation of the subsequent campaign to turn the Gypsies of Russia into a settled population. The basis of the research were archival materials from the fund of the Second Department of the Ministry of State Property of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). Studying of various historical sources revealed the features of implementation of the decree of Nicholas I (1839) in the Belarusian provinces. Despite the willingness of the local gypsy camps to adopt the sedentary life, they faced various forms of latent chauvinism at the local level: officials sabotaged orders from St. Petersburg; peasants did not want to accept Gypsies into their societies. The article is intended for specialists in the history of the Roma and the national politics in the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals The History of the North-Eastern Outskirts of Russia during the Empire Era in the Latest Historical Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
L. M. Dameshek ◽  
◽  
I. L. Dameshek ◽  
K. A. Sosnerzh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In connection with the approaching 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire, the analysis of the latest monographic studies on the outskirts policy of the Russian state in the 18th – early 20 century is carried out. The fact of the introduction of previously unknown historical sources into scientific circulation, the emergence of new approaches to the study of the problem is noted. At the same time, it is noted that the topic of the outskirts policy of the empire is far from being exhausted and remains in demand by researchers.

INSTITUTE OF TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Komiljonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Jury System ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment

The article examines the Genesis of the institution of jury trial in the Russian Empire from the moment of its introduction to the end of the Provisional government. It is noted that the emergence of a trial with the participation of jurors was influenced by Western models of the judicial process, and the forms of participation of citizens in the administration of justice that previously existed on the territory of the Russian state were taken into account. The role that the jury system has played with some success in the search for truth, justice, and the implementation of effective and independent justice in the past centuries is particularly highlighted.

THE HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF THE KHIVIN KHANATE BY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM FOREIGN SOURCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Ilhom Juraev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Political Economic

In this article, the author analyzes McGahan's novels “Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva” which is about the history of Uzbekistan, and distinguishes that these novels according to their peculiarities highlight the history of Uzbekistan particularly the last quarter of XIX century when the valley invaded by Soviet Russia and author shared his thoughts on the basis of historical sources and gave some summaries.Relying on these summaries we obtain necessary information about the valley’s political, economic and cultural life

scholarly journals Female labor applying by the Maritime Ministry of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-373
Author(s):  
Irina V Sinova
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
The Public ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Impact

The article deals with the issues related to the evolution of the use of women in the civil service at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries on the example of the Maritime Ministry on the basis of previously unpublished documents stored in the Russian state archive of the Navy and periodical press materials. The study of gender issues can be of scientific interest on the basis of its documents, as practically not in demand in research related to the women’s issue. As a result of the struggle of the public, there were some concessions on the part of the authorities related to the expansion of women’s access to fill certain positions in a number of areas that experienced a lack of certain qualifications, including public service, in the conditions of intensive bourgeois development. The article analyzes the legal acts regulating the work of women, especially in the public service. it is shown how the changes that took place in the Russian Empire influenced the transformation of the socio-economic situation of women in General, and, also, became a reflection of the social policy of the state. The article reveals the attitude of the heads of departments of the Ministry to the admission of women to the public service, as well as their opinion on the degree of necessity for the service itself in attracting women to it. The article deals with the arguments of men - heads of departments of the Ministry, related to the impact of women’s work on home life, on the family and on itself, which differed largely by philistine assessments, rather than progressive views. In fact, on the part of the authorities, concessions to women were more imaginary and forced than the result of an objective assessment of their equal opportunity to serve in the public system.

scholarly journals Transformation of Dominican Architectural Heritage in the Years of Tsarist Russian Occupation

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Žygimantas Buržinskas ◽  
Vytautas Levandauskas
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Church Organization ◽  
Dominican Order ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

SummaryThis article presents the heritage of the Dominican Order, which underwent the biggest transformation and destruction in Lithuania during the occupation by tsarist Russia. After the uprisings against the tsarist Russian government in the region in 1831 and 1863–1864, a Russification policy began, primarily targeted against the Catholic Church organization. The Dominican Order, which renewed its activities and had been purposefully operating in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the beginning of the 16th century, was liquidated during the occupation by tsarist Russia. This article studies the original appearances of Aukštadvaris, Kaunas, Merkinė and Paparčiai monasteries, which were most affected by reconstruction and demolition works during the Russian occupation, and reconstructions of their original appearance are presented. The architectural expression of all the monasteries in question suffered the most after the uprising in 1863–1864. In Aukštadvaris and Kaunas old convent churches were reconstructed into Orthodox churches by changing their old architecture, destroying individual elements of the building volume and decoration. Russian-Neo-Byzantine style promoted in the Russian Empire emerged in this context. The buildings of Merkinė and Paparčiai monasteries were completely demolished. Based on the iconographic material, especially the drawings and plans of the buildings made before the reconstruction or demolition works as well as visitations of the monasteries and material of other historical sources, the visualizations of the Aukštadvaris, Kaunas and Merkinė monastery complexes were prepared using modern means.

scholarly journals The Armenian Apostolic Church in the Politics of the Russian Empire: the Search for an Administrative Optimum

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-93
Author(s):  
Amiran Urushadze
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Political Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Politics ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Scholarly Discourse ◽  
First Time

The article analyzes governmental debates on the functions, rights and privileges of the Armenian Catholicoi in the context of inter-institutional controversies. The author attempts to identify and analyze the most influential programmes for solving the “Echmiadzin issue” and their origins presenting at the same time certain aspects of political interaction between the Russian Empire and the Armenian Church as overlapping processes and related events. The history of relationships between Russian state and Armenian Church in XIX–XX centuries shows that different actors of the imperial politics had different ideas about the optimal model of cooperation with Echmiadzin. The divisions took place not only between the various departments (the Ministry of Internal Affairs versus the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), but also within them, where individual officials could hold “anti-departmental” views in each particular case. All this hindered administrative consolidation, slowed down the empire's response to important political challenges and dragged the imperial structures into protracted service-hierarchical confrontations. The “Etchmiadzin Question” and the governmental discussions around it show in part the administrative paralysis of the autocracy and the decompensation of the system of power in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. The article employs a rich documentary base of archival materials from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive. These materials are introduced into the scholarly discourse for the first time ever.

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