scholarly journals DINAMIKA DALAM PENERAPAN SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN PESIDENSIAL DAN PARLEMENTER DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taufik
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The implementation of democracy in each country takes different forms between one country and another, sometimes in a country in carrying out democracy it takes the form of a parliamentary system, likewise sometimes a country runs a presidential system in order to realize democracy. Meanwhile, in the context of the Indonesian state, the implementation of a government system whether it uses a presidential or parliamentary system is still a dynamic and debate until now among experts in constitutional law and politics that the Indonesian government system adopts what form of government system. Some experts have argued that when the 1945 Constitution had not been amended, the style of Indonesian government was often said to be a semi-presidential system. However, in practice the Indonesian government system is closer to a parliamentary style as was the case during the constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and the UUDS in 1950, and after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian government system became a pure presidential system. Several other experts stated that the Indonesian government system adopted a presidential system of government because it was of the opinion that the president's accountability to the MPR was not the responsibility of the legislative body. In this case he added, the President's accountability to the MPR should not be equated with a cabinet's accountability to parliament (in the parliamentary system). Therefore, it is very important to trace the implementation of the government system in Indonesia to date, whether it is adopting a pure presidential system or a mixture of presidential and parliamentary systems. Abstrak Implementasi demokrasi dalam setiap negara mengambil bentuk yang berbeda-beda antara negara yang satu maupun negara lain, terkadang dalam sebuah negara dalam menjalankan demokrasi mengambil bentuk sistem parlementer, demikian pula terkadang suatu negara menjalankan sistem presidensial demi untuk mewujudkan demokrasi. Sementara dalam konteks negara Indonesia, penerapan sistem pemerintahan apakah menggunakan sistem presindesial atau parlementer masih menjadi suatu dinamika dan perdebatan sampai sekarang dikalangan para pakar hukum tata negara dan politik bahwa sistem pemerintahan Indonesia menganut sistem pemerintahan yang berbentuk apa. Beberapa pakar mengemukakan bahwa ketika UUD 1945 belum diamandemen, corak pemerintahan Indonesia sering dikatakan sebagai sistem semi presidensial. Namun dalam prakteknya sistem pemerintahan Indonesia justru lebih mendekati corak parlementer seperti halnya dalam masa konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS) dan UUDS tahun 1950, dan setelah amandemen UUD 1945 sistem pemerintahan Indonesia menjadi sistem presidnesial murni. Beberapa pakar lain  menyebutkan bahwa sistem pemerintahan Indonesia menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial karena berpendapat pertanggungjawaban presiden kepada MPR bukan merupakan pertanggungjawaban kepada badan legeslatif. dalam hal ini menambahkan, petanggungjawaban Presiden kepada MPR tidak boleh disamakan dengan pertanggungjawaban kabinet  kepada parlemen (dalam sistem parlementer). Karena itu, menjadi hal sangat penting untuk menelusuri pelaksanaan sistem pemerintahan di Indonesia hingga sekarang ini, apakah menganut sistem presidensial murni atau campuran sistem presidensial dan parlementer.

the presidential and the semi-presidential system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peshraw Mohammed Ameen
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
The Political ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
The Government

In this research we dealt with the aspects of the presidential system and the semi-presidential system, and he problematic of the political system in the Kurdistan Region. Mainly The presidential system has stabilized in many important countries, and the semi-presidential concept is a new concept that can be considered a mixture of parliamentary and presidential principles. One of the features of a semi-presidential system is that the elected president is accountable to parliament. The main player is the president who is elected in direct or indirect general elections. And the United States is a model for the presidential system, and France is the most realistic model for implementing the semi-presidential system. The French political system, which lived a long period under the traditional parliamentary system, introduced new adjustments in the power structure by strengthening the powers of the executive authority vis-à-vis Parliament, and expanding the powers of the President of the Republic. In exchange for the government while remaining far from bearing political responsibility, and therefore it can be said that the French system has overcome the elements of the presidential system in terms of objectivity and retains the elements of the parliamentary system in terms of formality, so it deserves to be called the semi-presidential system. Then the political system in the Kurdistan Region is not a complete parliamentary system, and it is not a presidential system in light of the presence of a parliament with powers. Therefore, the semi-presidential system is the most appropriate political system for this region, where disputes are resolved over the authority of both the parliament and the regional president, and a political system is built stable. And that because The presence of a parliamentary majority, which supports a government based on a strategic and stable party coalition, which is one of the current problems in the Kurdistan region. This dilemma can be solved through the semi-presidential system. And in another hand The impartiality of the head of state in the relationship with the government and parliament. The head of state, with some relations with the government, can participate in legislative competencies with Parliament.

The Normalization of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations in 1964 and the Formation of the “One-China” Principle: Negotiations over Breaking French Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of China Government and the Recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the Sole Legitimate Government

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-271
Author(s):  
Madoka Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article examines the substance and modification of the “One-China” principle, which the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) pursued in the mid 1960s. Under this principle, a country wishing to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC was required first to break off such relations with the Republic of China (ROC). In 1964 the PRC established diplomatic relations with France. This was its first ambassadorial exchange with a Western government. The PRC, in the negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations, attempted to achieve some consensus with France on the matter of “One-China”. The PRC, nevertheless, had to abandon these attempts, even though it demanded fewer conditions of France than of the United States (USA), Japan and other Western countries in the 1970s. The PRC had demanded adherence to the “One-China” principle since 1949. France, however, refused to accept this condition. Nevertheless, the PRC established diplomatic relations with France before the latter broke off relations with the ROC. Subsequently, the PRC abandoned the same condition in negotiations with the African governments of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa, Dahomey and Mauritania. After the negotiations with France, the PRC began to insist that the joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations should clearly state that “the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government of China”. However, France refused to insert these words into the communiqué. Afterwards, the PRC nevertheless insisted on putting such a statement into the joint communiqués or exchanges of notes on the establishment of diplomatic relations with the African countries mentioned above. This was done in order to set precedents for making countries accede to the “One-China” principle. The “One-China” principle was, thus, gradually formed in the process of the negotiation and bargaining between the PRC and other governments.

1. Introduction to constitutional law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Colin Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the definition of constitutional law and the characteristics of the British Constitution. Constitutional law looks at a body of legal rules and political arrangements concerning the government of a country. A constitution may take the form of a document or set of documents which declare that a country and its chosen form of government legitimately exists. The British Constitution is largely unwritten, flexible in nature, and based on absolute parliamentary sovereignty. The UK is also a unitary state. There is a central government, as well as devolved legislative and executive bodies in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and England. It is also a constitutional monarchy. This means that the head of state is a king or queen and that they exercise their powers in and through a parliamentary system of government in which the members of the executive are accountable to a sovereign parliament.

Panama, Its Politics, and the Canal Against Itself

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Castro H.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The successful negotiation of the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaty inaugurated a new historical era in the Republic of Panama. Politically, the implementation of the Treaty from 1979 to 1999 transformed what, since 1903, had been a protectorate of the United States into a fully sovereign republic. Economically, the integration of the canal into Panama´s internal economy, and that of the country in the global market, created new opportunities for the development of the country. The treaty also put an end to the dispute between Panama and the United States over the control of the rent and revenues produced by the canal, transferring it to the government of the Republic of Panama, and so creating an unprecedented source of resources for investment. More than forty years on, however, Panama faced a combination of sustained (but uncertain) economic growth, persistent social inequity, constant environmental degradation, obsolescence of its institutional system, and increasing internal political tensions, all expressions of the contradiction between the natural organization of the territory of Panama, and the spatial organization of its economy, society and government imposed and maintained since the European conquest of the 16th century. This contradiction is also aggravated by the dispute over control of the canal rent between different sectors of Panamanian society. In short, the country is in a transition stage in its development, which may lead it to overcome the contradiction in developing into a prosperous and equitable republic, or into increasing conflicts that may worsen the contradictions inherent to a centralist and authoritarian tradition of governance.

New Cyprus parliament will be tougher to deal with

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Republic Of Cyprus ◽  
Parliamentary Support

Subject The May 22 parliamentary elections. Significance The elections had the lowest turnout in the history of the Republic of Cyprus and brought about significant changes in the composition of the chamber. They were conducted amid a climate of fragile economic recovery and talks with the Turkish Cypriots on reunification. The outcome was a weakening of parliamentary support for the talks and a louder voice for nationalist, anti-austerity and anti-reform views. Impacts The government that is in place will not be affected because Cyprus has a presidential system. However, the lack of a parliamentary majority could hinder the Cypriot economy's fragile recovery. Resolving the division of Cyprus problem would be a significant positive boost for the very insecure Eastern Mediterranean.

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