scholarly journals Kajian Konsep Lund dan Konsep Rosner untuk Tatalaksana Cedera Otak Traumatik Berat

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-40
Author(s):  
Fitri Sepviyanti Sumardi ◽  
Iwan Abdul Rachman ◽  
Sri Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Brain Trauma Foundation ◽  
European Brain ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
The Relationship

Tatalaksana pasien dengan cedera otak traumatik (COT) berat mengalami perubahan berkesinambungan selama 30 tahun terakhir. Tatalaksana yang diarahkan di unit perawatan intensif (intensive care unit/ICU) mengacu pada tatalaksana klinis sebagai titik akhir terapi utama, bertujuan untuk mempertahankan variabel fisiologis tertentu secara ketat dalam rentang target yang telah ditentukan. Satu alternatif terhadap terapi konvensional ini adalah konsep Lund yang mengutamakan penurunan tekanan mikrovaskular. Konsep Lund termasuk suatu strategi target volume untuk mengendalikan tekanan intrakranial, berasal dari Universitas Lund Swedia, lebih dari 27 tahun yang lalu dan tetap masih kontroversi sampai saat ini. Sejak tahun 1996, American Brain Trauma Foundation dan European Brain Injury Consortium, yang mengacu pada konsep Rosner, telah menerbitkan dan memperbarui panduan untuk tatalaksana cedera otak traumatik. Para ahli sangat menyadari adanya patologi intrakranial multifaktorial yang terlihat pada pasien COT berat dan kompleksitas mekanisme cedera otak sekunder setelah trauma primer, akan menemukan bahwa revisi ini sulit untuk dipahami. Hubungan antara peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (TIK) dan hasil luaran klinis yang lebih buruk sudah terbukti. Menyederhanakan fisiologi otak setelah COT berat ke strategi tatalaksana pasien bedasarkan ambang batas adalah berkaitan erat dengan hubungan interaksi komplek antara: peningkatan TIK, aliran darah otak, dan metabolisme otak. Review of Lund Concept and Rosner Concept for Therapy of Severe Traumatic Brain InjuryAbstractThe management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has undergone continuous changes over the past 30 years. Management directed at the intensive care unit (ICU) refers to clinical management as the main end point of therapy, aiming to maintain certain physiological variables strictly within a predetermined target range. One alternative to this conventional therapy is the Lund concept which prioritizes the reduction of microvascular pressure. The concept of Lund includes a volume target strategy for controlling intracranial pressure, from Lund University in Sweden, more than 27 years ago and remains controversial to date. Since 1996, the American Brain Trauma Foundation and the European Brain Injury Consortium, which refers to the Rosner concept, have published and updated guidelines for the management of traumatic brain injury. Experts are well aware of the multifactorial intracranial pathology seen in severe TBI patients and the complexity of the mechanism of secondary brain injury after primary trauma will find that this revision is difficult to understand. The relationship between increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and worse clinical outcome has been proven. Simplifying the physiology of the brain after severe TBI to the patient's management strategy based on the threshold is closely related to the relationship between complex interactions: increased ICP, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain metabolism.

Judgments of Critical Care Nurses About Risk for Secondary Brain Injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly McNett ◽  
Margaret Doheny ◽  
Carol A. Sedlak ◽  
Ruth Ludwick
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cerebral Perfusion ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Background Interdisciplinary care for patients with traumatic brain injury focuses on treating the primary brain injury and limiting further brain damage from secondary injury. Intensive care unit nurses have an integral role in preventing secondary brain injury; however, little is known about factors that influence nurses’ judgments about risk for secondary brain injury. Objective To investigate which physiological and situational variables influence judgments of intensive care unit nurses about patients’ risk for secondary brain injury, management solely with nursing interventions, and management by consulting another member of the health care team. Methods A multiple segment factorial survey design was used. Vignettes reflecting the complexity of real-life scenarios were randomly generated by using different values of each independent variable. Surveys containing the vignettes were sent to nurses at 2 level I trauma centers. Multiple regression was used to determine which variables influenced judgments about secondary brain injury. Results Judgments about risk for secondary brain injury were influenced by a patient’s oxygen saturation, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, mechanism of injury, and primary diagnosis, as well as by nursing shift. Judgments about interventions were influenced by a patient’s oxygen saturation, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure and by nursing shift. The initial judgments made by nurses were the most significant variable predictive of follow-up judgments. Conclusions Nurses need standardized, evidence-based content for management of secondary brain injury in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury.

scholarly journals Respect your elders: effects of ageing on intracranial pressure monitor use in traumatic brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J Schupper ◽  
Allison E Berndtson ◽  
Alan Smith ◽  
Laura Godat ◽  
Todd W Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Brain Trauma Foundation

BackgroundThe Brain Trauma Foundation recommends intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor placement for patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adherence with these guidelines in elderly patients is unknown. We hypothesized that disparities in ICP monitor placement would exist based on patient age.MethodsUsing the National Trauma Data Bank (2010–2014), we identified patients admitted for blunt TBI with admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 3–8. Patients were excluded if they had a non-Head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score ≥3, hospital length of stay <24 hours or were discharged from the emergency department. Demographic data, ICP monitor placement, GCS, AIS-Head, Injury Severity Score, and outcome measures were collected. Propensity score matching between ICP monitor and non-ICP monitor patients was used for logistic regression and Cox multivariate regression analyses.ResultsOf the 30 710 patients with blunt TBI with GCS scores of 3–8 included in our study, 4093 were treated with an ICP monitor. ICP monitor placement rates significantly decreased with increasing age. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that patients treated with an ICP monitor were more likely to be younger, male, have private/commercial insurance, and receive care at an institution with three or more neurosurgeons.ConclusionPatients ≥65 years of age with severe blunt TBI are less likely to be treated with an ICP monitor than younger patients. Age disparities in adherence to Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines may alter the outcomes for patients with severe TBI.Level of evidenceLevel IV.

scholarly journals Adherence to brain trauma foundation guidelines for intracranial pressure monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury and the effect on outcome: A population-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Yahya H. Khormi ◽  
Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan ◽  
Cian O’kelly ◽  
David Zygun
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Adherence Rate ◽  
Icp Monitoring ◽  
Brain Trauma Foundation ◽  
Severity Scores

Background: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of death and disability. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of whether adherence to brain trauma foundation (BTF) guidelines improved outcomes following TBI utilizing intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Methods: This cohort study between 2000 and 2013 involved 1848 patients who sustained severe blunt TBI. Outcomes were correlated with whether or not ICP monitoring was utilized based on BTF guidelines. Results: The BTF guideline adherence rate for utilizing ICP monitoring in patients with TBI was 30% in 1848 patients. Adherence rates positively correlated with younger age, high injury severity scores, lower Glasgow Coma Scores, abnormal computed tomography scans of the head, performance of a craniotomy, neurocritical care unit admission, the lack of alcohol intoxication, and the absence of a cardiac arrest. Greater adherence to BTF guidelines was associated with higher mortality rates (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.56–2.59, P < 0.001), and increase ICU and hospital lengths of stay (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Adherence rates to BTF guidelines for ICP monitoring in patients with severe TBI were low. Further, these rates varied across centers and were correlated with higher mortality and morbidity rates. Although ICP insertion may be an indicator of TBI severity, the current BTF criteria for insertion of ICP monitors may fail to identify patients likely to benefit.

Persistent Hyperglycemia in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: An Independent Predictor of Outcome

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Salim ◽  
Pantelis Hadjizacharia ◽  
Joseph Dubose ◽  
Carlos Brown ◽  
Kenji Inaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Persistent Hyperglycemia

In patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcome. The effect of persistent hyperglycemia (PH) on outcome in severe TBI, however, remains unknown. We performed a retrospective review of all blunt trauma patients with severe TBI (head Abbreviated Injury Score ≥ 3) admitted to the intensive care unit at a Level I trauma center from January 1998 through December 2005. Admission and daily intensive care unit blood glucose levels up to the end of the first week were measured. PH was defined as an average daily blood glucose ≥ 150 mg/dL on all days for the first week of the hospital stay. TBI patients with and without PH were compared with respect to baseline demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes. Independent risk factors for mortality were identified using logistic regression analysis. One hundred and five (12.6%) out of 834 severe TBI patients had PH. Patients with PH were older, more severely injured, and had worse head injury compared with patients without PH. After adjusting for significant risk factors, PH was identified as an independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio (OR): 4.91 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.88–8.56, P < 0.0001]). PH is associated with significantly higher mortality rates in severe TBI patients.

Early Tracheostomy for Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury is Associated with Reduced Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay and Total Ventilator Days

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1346-1351
Author(s):  
Brian M. Sheehan ◽  
Areg Grigorian ◽  
Sahil Gambhir ◽  
Shelley Maithel ◽  
Catherine M. Kuza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Early Tracheostomy ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Severe Tbi

Objectives: To determine whether, similar to adults, early tracheostomy in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) improves inhospital outcomes including ventilator days, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and total hospital LOS when compared to late tracheostomy. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting: The Pediatric Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database Patients: One hundred twenty-seven pediatric patients <16 years old with severe (>3) abbreviated injury scale TBI who underwent early (days 1-6) or late (day ≥7) tracheostomy between 2014 and 2016. Interventions: Not applicable. Measurements and Main Results: The Pediatric TQIP database was queried for patients <16 years old with severe TBI, who underwent tracheostomy. Patient demographics and outcomes of early versus late tracheostomy were compared using Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 analysis. Sixteen patients underwent early tracheostomy while 111 underwent late tracheostomy. The groups had similar distributions of age, gender, mechanism of injury, and mean injury severity scores (P > .05). Early tracheostomy was associated with decreased ICU LOS (early: 17 vs late: 32 days, P < .05) and ventilator days (early: 9.7 vs late: 27.1 days, P < .05). There was no difference in total LOS (early: 26.7 vs late: 41.3 days, P = .06), the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (early: 6.3% vs late: 2.7%, P = .45), pneumonia (early: 12.5% vs late: 29.7%, P = .15), or mortality (early: 0% vs late: 2%, P = .588) between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Similar to adults, early tracheostomy in pediatric patients with severe TBI is associated with decreased ICU LOS and ventilator days. Future prospective trials are needed to confirm these findings. Article Tweet: Early tracheostomy in pediatric patients with severe TBI is associated with decreased ICU LOS and ventilator days.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Triphasic Waves with Intracranial Pressure as a Possible Prognostic Marker in Traumatic Brain Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakul Katyal ◽  
Aarti Sarwal ◽  
Pravin George ◽  
Biswajit Banik ◽  
Christopher R. Newey
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Prognostic Marker ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Nonconvulsive Seizures ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background.Continuous electroencephalography (CEEG) monitoring is used for detection of convulsive and nonconvulsive seizures and assessing the degree of encephalopathy in critically ill patients. A commonly seen encephalopathic pattern on CEEG is generalized periodic discharges with triphasic wave (TW) morphology. The underlying role and prognostic significance of TW in relationship to intracranial pressure (ICP) remain unknown. We present a case highlighting the relationship of TW with ICP in a case with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Method.Case report.Results.A patient with severe TBI and no underlying metabolic abnormalities was admitted to the neurocritical care unit. TW were seen on CEEG. The TW diminished during episodes of intracranial hypertension but reappeared with reduction of the intracranial pressure.Conclusion.This study highlights a possible favorable prognostic marker of finding TW in a patient with intracranial hypertension. We have proposed a preliminary understanding of the relationship between TW and intracranial hypertension, which may be helpful in formulating future studies involving larger cohorts.

Examination of the management of traumatic brain injury in the developing and developed world: focus on resource utilization, protocols, and practices that alter outcome

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette A. Harris ◽  
Carl A. Bruce ◽  
Marvin Reid ◽  
Randolph Cheeks ◽  
Kirk Easley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Severe Tbi

Object We evaluated management and outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a developed country (US) and a developing country (Jamaica). Methods Data were collected prospectively at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH) in the US and at University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) and Kingston Public Hospital (KPH) in Jamaica between September 1, 2003, and September 30, 2004. Results Complete data were available for 1607 patients. Grady Memorial Hospital had a higher proportion of females (p = 0.003), and patients were older at GMH (p = 0.0009) compared with patients at KPH and UHWI. The most common mode of injury was a motor vehicle accident at KPH and GMH (42 and 66%, respectively) and assaults at UHWI (37%). Grady Memorial Hospital admitted more patients with severe head injuries (25.5%) than KPH (18.5%) and UHWI (14.4%). More CT scans were performed (p < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (p < 0.0001) at GMH. There were no statistically significant differences in median days in the intensive care unit among the 3 hospitals. Patients experienced statistically significant differences in days undergoing ventilation between GMH, KPH, and UHWI (p = 0.004). Intracranial pressure monitoring was performed in 1 patient at KPH, in 6 at UHWI, and in 91 at GMH. There were 174 total deaths, but no statistically significant differences in mortality rates between the 3 sites (p = 0.3). Hospital location and TBI severity were associated with a decreased risk of mortality; patients with severe TBI at GMH had a 53% decrease in the risk of mortality (odds ratio = 0.47, p = 0.04). Patients at GMH had lower mean Glasgow Outcome Scale scores (p < 0.0001) and lower Functional Independence Measure self-feed (p = 0.0003), locomotion (p = 0.04), and verbal scores (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Despite the availability of advanced technology and more aggressive neurological support at GMH, the overall mortality rate for TBI was similar at all locations. Patients identified with severe TBI had a significantly decreased risk of mortality if they were treated at GMH compared with those patients treated at hospitals in the developing world.

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