scholarly journals Blocked-based Solidity — a Service for Graphically Creating the Smart Contracts in Solidity Programming Language

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kobusińska ◽  
Grzegorz Wilczynski
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Smart Contracts

scholarly journals SMT-Friendly Formalization of the Solidity Memory Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 224-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ákos Hajdu ◽  
Dejan Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Analysis Tools ◽  
High Level

AbstractSolidity is the dominant programming language for Ethereum smart contracts. This paper presents a high-level formalization of the Solidity language with a focus on the memory model. The presented formalization covers all features of the language related to managing state and memory. In addition, the formalization we provide is effective: all but few features can be encoded in the quantifier-free fragment of standard SMT theories. This enables precise and efficient reasoning about the state of smart contracts written in Solidity. The formalization is implemented in the SOLC-VERIFY verifier and we provide an extensive set of tests that covers the breadth of the required semantics. We also provide an evaluation on the test set that validates the semantics and shows the novelty of the approach compared to other Solidity-level contract analysis tools.

scholarly journals All Smart Contracts Are Ambiguous

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Grimmelmann
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Smart Contract

Smart contracts are written in programming languages rather than in natural languages. This might seem to insulate them from ambiguity, because the meaning of a program is determined by technical facts rather than by social ones. It does not. Smart contracts can be ambiguous, too, because technical facts depend on socially determined ones. To give meaning to a computer program, a community of programmers and users must agree on the semantics of the programming language in which it is written. This is a social process, and a review of some famous controversies involving blockchains and smart contracts shows that it regularly creates serious ambiguities. In the most famous case, The DAO hack, more than $150 million in virtual currency turned on the contested semantics of a blockchain-based smart-contract programming language.

scholarly journals Smart Contracts: legal frontiers and insertion into the Creative Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-385
Author(s):  
Silvana Santos Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Economic Analysis Of Law ◽  
New Challenges

The ultimate development of a disruptive and innovative contractual form has been imposing new challenges and the need of a proper regulatory framework in the legal field. Smart contracts consist on an internet protocol in which programming language and digital codes are used to input clauses that had already been agreed by the parties and that, upon the fulfillment of a determined condition previously established, shall be automatically self-executed. This new way of creating, transferring and extinguishing patrimonial rights and duties has been playing a major role in the context of the Creative Economy, in which intellectual capital, agility and the automatization of operations constitute fundamental factors. In order to investigate the characteristics and possibilities of adopting smart contracts under the perspective of the Brazilian legal order and its insertion in the Creative Economy, this paper has applied the theoretical and methodological framework of the Economic Analysis of Law so as to pursue the analytical exercise that it is committed to perform.

scholarly journals Lolisa: Formal Syntax and Semantics for a Subset of the Solidity Programming Language in Mathematical Tool Coq

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zheng Yang ◽  
Hang Lei
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Type System ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Large Subset ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Line Correspondence

The security of blockchain smart contracts is one of the most emerging issues of the greatest interest for researchers. This article presents an intermediate specification language for the formal verification of Ethereum-based smart contract in Coq, denoted as Lolisa. The formal syntax and semantics of Lolisa contain a large subset of the Solidity programming language developed for the Ethereum blockchain platform. To enhance type safety, the formal syntax of Lolisa adopts a stronger static type system than Solidity. In addition, Lolisa includes a large subset of Solidity syntax components as well as general-purpose programming language features. Therefore, Solidity programs can be directly translated into Lolisa with line-by-line correspondence. Lolisa is inherently generalizable and can be extended to express other programming languages. Finally, the syntax and semantics of Lolisa have been encapsulated as an interpreter in mathematical tool Coq. Hence, smart contracts written in Lolisa can be symbolically executed and verified in Coq.

scholarly journals A self-sovereign identity management scheme using smart contracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 336 ◽  
pp. 08005
Author(s):  
Jianlin Niu ◽  
Zhiyu Ren
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Storage Method ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Management Schemes

The existing self-sovereign identity management schemes have some problems, such as weak availability and security risks. To solve these problems, we proposed a cross-domain self-sovereign identity management scheme using smart contracts. This scheme takes into account the entire lifecycle of identity, especially including the cross-domain use and recovery. To preserve the privacy data of users on the blockchain, we proposed a data storage method of anchoring on blockchain. Finally, we implemented this scheme using the Solidity programming language for smart contract. This scheme has been experimentally verified to be capable of maintaining the expenditure of resources under control and having good usability. Compared with other self-sovereign identity management schemes, this scheme has better performance in terms of controllability, security and portability.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Secure Ride-Sharing DApp Using Smart Contracts on Ethereum Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Sathya A. Renu ◽  
Barnali Gupta Banik
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Ride Sharing

The idea of sharing economy gives rise to unique ideas and develops innovative businesses. This article aims to relate the smart city concept by introducing the smart transport system and explores the opportunities of adopting blockchain technology in ride-sharing services. Blockchain technology is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that allows peer-to-peer transactions in a secured way without any third party. This paper proposes a blockchain-based framework from the existing centralized framework for a ride-sharing service and implements the same as a decentralized application (DApp) based on smart contracts on Ethereum Blockchain. Using smart contracts facilitate the users with automated transactions, removes the intermediaries, and enables various activities to be carried out safely and securely. Implementation of smart contracts is done using the Solidity programming language. This DApp uses the min matching algorithm to match riders requesting rideshare to save total travel distance. With the overwhelming growth in the usage of cryptocurrencies, smart contracts usage in applications as proposed in this paper can transform the sharing economy.

scholarly journals Implementation of Blockchain Technology in Education System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3823-3828
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Education System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Technology In Education ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Education Platform

The Blockchain for Education platform helps us to make the tamper-proof certificates and their correct and the overall permanent allocation of these certificates to learners, as well as verification of certificates. It can reduce the overall frauds and tampering of the degrees and certificates. Blockchain technology can be used to solve many educational problems and can help educators as well as learners to monitor the learning outcomes. The data can be stored securely and tamper proof format when it’s stored onto the blockchain network. Here smart contracts can be designed and deployed on to the Ethereum blockchain that can be designed using the solidity programming language. Blockchain can be applied to private, public and consortium sectors depending upon the usage and the scope of the blockchain. Education system can take benefit of this scalability of the blockchain and can be effectively useful in the educational institutions.

Programming Language for Severely Retarded Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
Carol McCall Davis
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children

This article describes methods of language programming for profoundly mentally retarded children that are based on linguistic principles. Examples of program contents are drawn from research reports and include cuing procedures, as well as progress from receptive through imitative behaviors, labeling responses, and grammatical sequencing.

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