Douglas Fir Seed Sources Tested for Christmas Trees in Connecticut

Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, is a popular Christmas tree in the Northeast. In 1976 trees from 11 geographic sources ranging from British Columbia to southern Arizona and New Mexico were planted in a replicated design and managed as a commercial plantation. Information was also obtained on 10 seed sources grown on a commercial tree farm. All sources were hardy in the Connecticut plantings. In general, trees from southern Rocky Mountain sources were bluer, and grew faster than those from northern sources, but they were also more susceptible to attack by Cooley gall aphid, Adelges cooleyi (Gill), and rhabdocline needle cast fungus, Rhabdocline pseudotsugae (Syd.)

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Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/7.2.86 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 86-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mark E. Kubiske ◽

Marc D. Abrams ◽

James C. Finley

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Christmas Trees ◽

Display Area ◽

The Pacific ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Needle Loss

Abstract Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.

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Douglas-Fir from New Mexico More Outstanding than Other Sources Studied in Maryland

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/6.2.56 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 56-59

Author(s):

John B. Genys

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Seed Source ◽

Appalachian Region ◽

Northern Latitude ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Christmas Trees ◽

Natural Range

Abstract Douglas-fir, represented by different seed sources from its natural range, has been studied in two research plantations in Maryland. In the Piedmont Plateau, 24 populations at age 5 varied in foliage turning brown (0% to 22%) which was associated with the longitude (r = 0.61) and the altitude (r = -0.48) of the seed source. At age 12 they varied in survival (6% to 94%), in height (0.9 m to 1.9 m), and in attraction for use as Christmas trees (0% to 19%), all inversely correlated with the northern latitude. In the Appalachian region, 20 sources at age 19 varied in survival (13% to 81%) and in height (1.5 m to 4.2 m), which was inversely correlated to the western longitude, and directly correlated with the altitude of the seed source. In both plantations, the most outstanding populations in survival, height, and attraction for use as Christmas trees were the two sources from Otero County, NM. North. J. Appl. For. 6:56-59, June 1989.

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Observations on Laspeyresia fletcherana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) in Montana

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent94102-1 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 102-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert E. Denton ◽

Harold R. Dodge

Keyword(s):

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Christmas Tree ◽

Site Conditions ◽

Forest Insect ◽

Christmas Trees ◽

Poor Site

In November 1958 a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) Christmas tree was received at the Missoula Forest Insect Laboratory with a note that it was infested with an insect that might be causing “Christmas-tree blight.” This term is commonly used by the trade to refer to any condition of foliage that might affect salability or price of Christmas trees. Several types of foliage-feeding insects, as well as fungi or poor site conditions, may cause “blighted” or discolored needles; however, on this tree the infestation proved to be caterpillars tunneling in the bark.

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Effect of Two Fire Retardants on Postharvest Drying and Flammability of Douglas Fir and Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.1.203 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 203-205

Author(s):

Gary Chastagner ◽

L. Eric Hinesley ◽

Jeff Owen

Keyword(s):

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Fire Hazard ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Christmas Tree ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Abies Fraseri ◽

Fraser Fir ◽

Christmas Trees

SafeTree Christmas Tree Fire Retardant was applied to freshly harvested Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] boughs, and RapidCool FRX Christmas Tree Retardant was applied to freshly cut Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] boughs. The flame retardants were sprayed onto the foliage. Fire retardant accelerated the drying rate of Douglas fir boughs, which increased flammability. RapidCool fire retardant did not slow the drying rate of Fraser fir boughs, and had no effect on moisture content (MC) at ignition, flame time, total burn time, or total foliage consumed. For both species, initial ignition and spread of flame occurred at 60% to 70% MC. Fresh boughs did not ignite in burn tests and were not a fire hazard. Twig MC of nontreated Fraser fir increased 20% during display in water, further decreasing the possibility of ignition when exposed to a flame. Neither product was effective as a fire retardant on boughs of Christmas trees.

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Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. [Distribution map].

Distribution Maps of Plant Pests ◽

10.1079/dmpp/20066600660 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

New Mexico ◽

North America ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Distribution Map ◽

Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽

New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae Hosts: Mainly Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), also other Pseudotsuga spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.

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A Biodegradable Formulation of MCH (3-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) for Protecting Pseudotsuga menziesii from Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Colonization

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (4) ◽

pp. 1858-1863 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gabriel G Foote ◽

Christopher J Fettig ◽

Darrell W Ross ◽

Justin B Runyon ◽

Tom W Coleman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽

Individual Trees

Abstract Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, trees and stands can be protected from Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (DFB)-caused mortality by application of synthetic formulations of the beetle’s antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH). A biodegradable formulation of MCH, SPLAT MCH, was developed and evaluated for protecting individual Douglas-fir trees and small stands from colonization and mortality by DFB. In an individual-tree experiment in Idaho, both MCH bubble capsules and SPLAT MCH significantly reduced the proportion of treated trees colonized and killed by DFB compared to untreated controls. SPLAT MCH was as effective as MCH bubble capsules for protecting individual trees. Both MCH bubble capsules and SPLAT MCH significantly reduced the proportion of trees colonized and killed by DFB within 0.04-ha circular plots surrounding each treated tree compared to untreated controls. In 0.41 ha stands in New Mexico, both MCH bubble capsules and SPLAT MCH significantly reduced the proportion of trees colonized and killed by DFB compared to untreated controls, again with no differences observed between MCH treatments. In a similar stand level trial in Idaho, neither MCH treatment significantly reduced the proportion of trees colonized by DFB, and only MCH bubble capsules significantly reduced levels of tree mortality compared to untreated controls, but no significant difference was observed between SPLAT MCH and MCH bubble capsules. Overall, the results indicate that SPLAT MCH is as effective as MCH bubble capsules for protecting individual trees and small stands of Douglas-fir from DFB-caused mortality.

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Effects of Azoxystrobin Application Rate and Treatment Interval on the Control of Rhabdocline pseudotsugae on Douglas-fir Christmas Trees

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2005-0617-01-rs ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Ricky M. Bates ◽

David A. Despot

Keyword(s):

Control Program ◽

Application Rate ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Disease Index ◽

Christmas Tree ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Infection Period ◽

Christmas Trees ◽

The Cost ◽

Tree Production

Rhabdocline needlecast caused by Rhabdocline pseudotsugae is the primary disease limiting Douglas-fir Christmas tree production in the northeastern United States. Azoxystrobin (Quadris) was recently registered for control of needlecasts on conifers, but little is known about its efficacy. In 2002, azoxystrobin was applied to field-grown Lincoln N.F. Douglas-fir Christmas trees at 0.14 or 0.28 g a.i./liter as the first or second spray of a chlorothalonil-based control program. In 2003, four sequential sprays of azoxystrobin at 0.28, 0.55, and 1.10 g a.i./liter were compared to chlorothalonil treatments. Untreated trees at both Pennsylvania test sites in both years were heavily infected, confirming high inoculum levels and environmental conditions favorable for infection. The standard program that consisted of 1.29 g a.i./liter chlorothalonil applications was very effective in controlling Rhabdocline in all experiments. In 2002, application interval had a significant effect on efficacy. Trees sprayed with 0.14 and 0.28 g a.i./liter azoxystrobin 9 days prior to an infection period had a higher disease index rating than those sprayed 2 days prior to the same infection period. Application rate did not appear to have an effect on efficacy. Trees receiving 1.10 g a.i./liter azoxystrobin had the same disease index rating as trees receiving the 0.28 g a.i./liter rate. In all cases, azoxystrobin treatments had significantly higher infection rates than the standard chlorothalonil treatment. The level of natural inoculum present at each site also appeared to play a role in azoxystrobin efficacy. Azoxystrobin is more than twice the cost of chlorothalonil and the data presented does not support any cost incentive for its inclusion in a Rhabdocline control program. Accepted for publication 19 May 2005. Published 17 June 2005.

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Pinaceae Species: Spruce, Pine and Fir as a New Culinary Herb and Spice

10.5772/intechopen.99280 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nabila Rodríguez Valerón ◽

Diego Prado Vásquez ◽

Rasmus Munk

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Aroma Profile ◽

Abies Grandis ◽

Christmas Trees ◽

Famine Food ◽

Culinary Traditions ◽

Culinary Herb

The Pinaceae family has traditionally been used as medicine, resorted to as a famine food and for ornamental purposes as Christmas trees. In the last few years numerous restaurants have been using different species of Pinaceae family as a garnish or an aromatic spice, using them in different culinary applications like oils and infusions to flavor dressings and broths. Abies grandis (Grand fir), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) were researched on taxonomy, habitats and non-edible uses, culinary traditions, health and nutritional properties, aroma profile. The main compounds in Pinaceae family are monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenate sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and hydrocarbons, especially α-β-pinene, limonene, α-terpinene, and even bornyl acetate, responsible for aroma compounds such as citrusy-, woody-, herbal-, or piney aromas. Modern gastronomy uses, sensory analysis and culinary applications were applied for demonstrating the possibilities on modern culinary application in this novel yet traditional spice.

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Probabilistic Provenance Detection and Management Pathways for Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in Italy Using Climatic Analogues

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Maurizio Marchi ◽

Claudia Cocozza

Keyword(s):

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

National Forest Inventory ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Classification Model ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

North West ◽

Random Forest Classification ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Forest Classification

The introduction of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in Europe has been one of the most important and extensive silvicultural experiments since the 1850s. This success was mainly supported by the species’ wide genome and phenotypic plasticity even if the genetic origin of seeds used for plantations is nowadays often unknown. This is especially true for all the stands planted before the IUFRO experimentation in the 1960s. In this paper, a methodology to estimate the Douglas-fir provenances currently growing in Italy is proposed. The raw data from the last Italian National Forest Inventory were combined with literature information to obtain the current spatial distribution of the species in the country representing its successful introduction. Afterwards, a random forest classification model was run using downscaled climatic data as predictors and the classification scheme adopted in previous research studies in the Pacific North West of America. The analysis highlighted good matching between the native and the introduction range in Italy. Coastal provenances from British Columbia and the dry coast of Washington were detected as the most likely seed sources, covering 63.4% and 33.8% of the current distribution of the species in the country, respectively. Interior provenances and those from the dry coast of Oregon were also represented but limited to very few cases. The extension of the model on future scenarios predicted a gradual shift in suitable provenances with the dry coast of Oregon in the mid-term (2050s) and afterwards California (2080s) being highlighted as possible new seed sources. However, only further analysis with genetic markers and molecular methods will be able to confirm the proposed scenarios. A validation of the genotypes currently available in Italy will be mandatory as well as their regeneration processes (i.e., adaptation), which may also diverge from those occurring in the native range due to a different environmental pressure. This new information will also add important knowledge, allowing a refinement of the proposed modeling framework for a better support for forest managers.

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