Cyclanilide Spray Increases Branching in Containerized Whip Production

Abstract A major goal in the production of tree whips is to produce appropriately sized, well-branched liners with a crown form similar to that of a mature tree. Pruning is used to induce lateral branching. This can result in poor tree quality, reduced growth and the practice is labor intensive. An alternative to mechanical pruning, foliar Cyclanilide® (CYC) sprays at 0, 56, 1 12 and 223 ppm were applied to container grown whips to determine its effect on branching of Amelanchier; Cercis, Malus and Tilia whips. Most species responded to CYC sprays with increased lateral branching if treated during active shoot elongation. Cyclanilide® sprays of 1 12 ppm produced the greatest number of branches. Sprays at 56 ppm resulted in reduced branching (relative to 112 ppm), while sprays of 223 ppm did not increase the number of branches, relative to sprays of 112 ppm, but reduced growth. Cyclanilide® sprays reduced height growth, relative to untreated whips, but did not alter height diameter growth. Cyclanilide® foliar applications to container -grown whips during periods of active shoot elongation increased branching in one-year-old whips that normally do not branch until the second year of production. Further, the origin of lateral branching can be controlled by timing of CYC application. The results indicate that CYC foliar sprays can be an important tool in the production of one-year-old branched whips.

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Cyclanilide Foliar Applications Induce Greater Lateral Branching than Pruning in Container-Grown Whips

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-26.1.45 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 45-50

Author(s):

Petra Sternberg ◽

Daniel K. Struve

Keyword(s):

Tilia Cordata ◽

Major Goal ◽

Mature Tree ◽

Lateral Branching ◽

Reduced Height ◽

Terminal Shoot ◽

Tree Quality ◽

Lateral Branches ◽

Tree Pruning ◽

Prairie Fire

Abstract A major goal in the production of ornamental whips is to produce small well-branched liners with a crown form similar to that of a mature tree. Pruning is used to induce lateral branching and regulate height. Pruning may result in poor tree quality, reduced whip growth and is labor intensive. This study was done to determine the effects of foliar Cyclanilide (CYC) applications with and without pruning on branching in container grown whips. Four taxa were used: Diospyros virginiana L., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Malus × ‘Prairie Fire’ and Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’. In a two factorial experiment, CYC concentrations of 0, 50 and 100 ppm were applied to Diospyros and Eucommia (2005) and 0, 56 and 112 ppm to Malus and Tilia (2006), with half of the whips of each species receiving terminal shoot pruning, the remaining whips were left intact. Pruning reduced whip height in two out of four species tested. Cyclanilide sprays significantly increased branching and reduced height in Malus and Tilia whips. An interaction between CYC sprays and terminal shoot pruning occurred with branching in Tilia. Here, the combination of CYC spray and terminal shoot pruning significantly reduced the number of new lateral branches compared to CYC sprays alone. Overall CYC was more successful in inducing branching than terminal shoot pruning, but failed to induce branching in the strongly decurrent species Eucommia. Cyclanilide sprays are a more effective method for inducing branching and reducing height than terminal shoot pruning, but the combination of both, as done in this experiment, is not recommended.

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Performance Data from the NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ◽

10.6028/jres.122.014 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William M Healy ◽

A Hunter Fanney ◽

Brian P Dougherty ◽

Lisa Ng ◽

Vance Payne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hot Water ◽

Test Facility ◽

Indoor Environments ◽

Zero Energy ◽

Operational Strategies ◽

Photovoltaic Array ◽

Net Zero Energy ◽

Net Zero ◽

Second Year ◽

One Year

Data were collected over two separate year-long test periods at the Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility, alaboratory designed to evaluate a variety of technologies and operational strategies that lead to energy efficient houses with comfortable and healthful indoor environments. In a net-zero energy building, all energy consumption over the course of a year is offset by on-site renewable energy production; this facility attempts to meet that goal through use of a photovoltaic array installed on the roof. Data are presented for one-year test periods over which the research team examined whether the facility would reach net-zero status. In both years, the house was operated in an all-electric configuration, with slight modifications made in the second year related to control schemes and equipment selection. A virtual family of four was simulated to carry out the operations that would typically occur in a home (e.g., appliance usage, lighting usage, hot water usage). Data are being released for the second year of operation at the time of publication of this document, with an expectation that data from the first year will be released at a later date.

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Pliny in Bithynia–and what Followed

Greece and Rome ◽

10.1017/s0017383500026851 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 119-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Barbara Levick

Keyword(s):

Financial Expert ◽

Second Year ◽

One Year ◽

Full Charge

The view that the younger Pliny was sent to the province of Pontus et Bithynia (Bithynia for short) as a ‘financial expert’ who would deal with the accounts of the cities has been thoroughly and properly discredited. Pliny in his province did all the things that his predecessors and successors did or might have done. His funerary inscription at Comum shows him to have been legatus pro praetore consulari potestate, an imperial legate, but with consular power; the regular governors had been proconsuls, men appointed by the senate for one year only after drawing lots for the post with their fellows of equal seniority. But in spite of their title they had been only ex-praetors, while Pliny had held the consulship; hence his cansularis potestas, which secured him the same number of fasces as they had enjoyed, one more than he could have held as a plain legatus Augusti pro praetore. Pliny was a governor of superior standing, chosen by Trajan on the strength of a decree of the senate, to take full charge of the province and to correct all the abuses that were rampant there (‘quoniam multa in ea emendanda apparuerint’, 32.2); and he died in office near the end of his second year of tenure.

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Fertilizing of young rubber in the Cameroons.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v8i3.17645 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 165-178

Author(s):

H.N. Hasselo

Keyword(s):

Phosphate Rock ◽

Growth Response ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Parent Material ◽

Rooting Depth ◽

First Year ◽

Second Year ◽

One Year ◽

Shallow Soils

The growth response to (NH4)2SO4, phosphate rock and KC1, given in all combinations at increasing annual rates of up to 24 oz/tree until the seventh year after planting, was measured by the girth increase of Hevea in three soils formed from the same parent material but possessing different nutrient status and depths to the root-impeding layers. Despite poor nutrient supply in the soil, lack of rooting depth had a greater effect on growth than had nutrient availability; while abundant nutrient supply reduced the unproductive period by half a year, this reduction was at least one year in shallow soils. Annual fluctuations in yield were reduced by balanced application of small amounts of fertilizers. Fertilized trees, opened up at 18-inch girth, yielded 430 lb/acre in the first year whether given balanced fertilizer or not; in the second year, trees given balanced fertilizer yielded 700 lb as compared with 580 lb without fertilizer. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Suppression of serum thyrotropin with thyroxine in patients with Graves' disease: effects on recurrence of hyperthyroidism and thyroid volume

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1360081 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 81-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Johannes Pfeilschifter ◽

Reinhard Ziegler

Keyword(s):

Beneficial Effect ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Suppressive Therapy ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Recent Onset ◽

Suppressive Dose ◽

Second Year ◽

One Year

Abstract Based on findings that thyroxine may have a beneficial effect on the recurrence of Graves' hyperthyroidism, we prospectively studied the effects of a TSH suppressive treatment with thyroxine on the course of Graves' disease in fifty patients with recent onset of hyperthyroidism. After the normalization of serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations, one group of patients was randomly assigned to a combined treatment with carbimazole and a TSH suppressive dose of T4 for 12 months, followed by another 12 months of TSH suppressive therapy alone. The other group of patients also received carbimazole for one year, but T4 was only added as indicated to normalize elevated TSH serum concentrations, and patients received no therapy during the second year. By the end of the second year, a relapse of hyperthyroidism had occurred in 43% of the patients with and in 45% of the patients without suppressive T4 treatment. In those patients without a relapse of hyperthyroidism, initial thyroid size significantly (P = 0·01) decreased with time in both treatment groups. However, patients on suppressive T4 treatment tended to have a greater reduction in thyroid volume than patients with normal TSH serum concentrations (P = 005). In conclusion, we were unable to detect a preventive effect of exogenous TSH suppression on the recurrence of hyperthyroidism. However, our data suggest that TSH suppressive treatment may have a beneficial effect on thyroid enlargement in Graves' disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 136 81–86

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Growth of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) treated with soil conditioners on Loket spoil bank

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/4536-jfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 556-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Bulíř

Keyword(s):

Substrate Surface ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Height Growth ◽

Elongation Growth ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Spoil Bank ◽

Soil Conditioners ◽

Second Year ◽

One Year ◽

The Given

The effects of soil conditioners Frisol, TerraCottem, Bi-algeen, and fertilisers Silvamix Forte and Cererit on the welfare of Austrian pine were observed in a seven-year experiment on Loket spoil bank. Simultaneously the economic aspects of growing the Austrian pine until the stage of established plantation were examined. The application of products one year and a half after planting did not cause seedling mortality. The elongation growth of young plants conditioned by the application of Silvamix Forte and Frisol was statistically significant whereas these effects manifested themselves in the second year: they persisted till the end of the experiment for Silvamix Forte, and for three years in total for Frisol. The other products – TerraCottem, Bi-algeen and Cererit – also showed generally better, though statistically insignificant results as compared to those of the control plants. The elongation growth for all products culminated in the fifth year and then declined. The stem diameter growth for the best products reached its maximum in the second year. Regarding the overall height growth after seven years, the average number of the highest plants on the experiment location was on plots treated with Silvamix Forte; these plants exceeded the control plants by 46.2 cm. Pines treated with Frisol were higher by 23.4 cm. However, the application of soil conditioners and fertilisers to the given location proved economically ineffective because there was no need to improve the soil at the location, the same applies to mowing and hoeing since almost no forest weed grew there and the substrate surface remained well-aerated and porous.

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One-Year Course of Paediatric Headache in Children and Adolescents Aged 8-15 Years

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01657.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (11) ◽

pp. 1154-1162 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J Gaßmann ◽

L Morris ◽

M Heinrich ◽

B Kröner-Herwig

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Original Sample ◽

Status Change ◽

Headache Diagnosis ◽

Parent Questionnaires ◽

Second Year ◽

German Children ◽

One Year ◽

The Individual

The aims of the present study were the assessment of headache (HA) prevalence in German children and adolescents in the second year of a 4-year longitudinal study and the analysis of headache status change from year 1 to year 2. The original sample consisted of 8800 households with a child aged 7-14 years. A total of 4159 households responded in both year 1 and year 2, yielding 3984 valid parent questionnaires. Data regarding various aspects of the child's HA history and general health were gathered via mailed questionnaires from the parents. Of the households returning valid parent questionnaires at survey 2, 48.9± reported their child to have experienced headaches during the previous 6 months (53± at survey 1). Weekly HA was reported for 6.5± of the children, monthly or less frequent HA for 16.5± and 25.9±, respectively. With regard to headache diagnosis, 55.0± of the children and adolescents with HA experienced tension-type HA (TTH) and 11.3± migraine with or without aura (M). For more than half of the children and adolescents with HA (57.0±) the frequency of head pain remained stable over the period of 1 year (i.e. same frequency category in years 1 and 2). Improved and worsened HA status regarding frequency of occurrence was found in 22.3± and 20.7± of the subjects, respectively. Thus, there was no definite trend towards an increase of HA episodes over the course of 1 year regarding the individual child or adolescent. The most stable type of HA was TTH.

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SPREADING RATE OF CREEPING-ROOTED ALFALFA

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps71-073 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 367-370

Author(s):

D. H. HEINRICHS

Keyword(s):

Stand Density ◽

Shoot Formation ◽

Spreading Rate ◽

Grid Spacing ◽

The Third ◽

Second Year ◽

One Year ◽

Spreading Line

Creeping-rooted alfalfa plants were studied for rate of spreading when planted in a grid spacing of 1.8 m. One year after planting, only three out of 15 lines displayed 100% creep in all five replicates on the basis of shoot formation. In the second year, all clones of all 15 plant lines had developed above-ground shoots. The range of spread varied from an average of 101 cm for the least spreading line to 176 cm for the strongest spreading line. By the third year they had expanded an additional 27% on the average. The stand density decreased as distance from the center of the plant increased. There were definite differences among creeping-rooted plant lines in rate of spreading ability. In three years most plants had spread horizontally to within each other’s peripheries.

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