Effect of Repeated Short Interval Flooding Events on Root and Shoot Growth of Four Landscape Shrub Taxa

Abstract Research was conducted to screen four landscape shrub taxa for tolerance to repeated flooding events. Plants of Fothergilla × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’ (dwarf witchalder), Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ (winterberry), Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ (summersweet), and Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ (possumhaw) were flooded repeatedly over six weeks for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 6 days with a draining period of 6 days between each flooding event. The experiment was repeated for a total of two runs. With the exception of F. × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa showed good visual quality and no reduction in root growth in either run, and effects on shoot growth were minimal. Size index of Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ was 27% higher in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days than in plants flooded for 6 days in run 1 only. Shoot dry weight of Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ was actually 11% higher in plants flooded 6 days days than in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days in run 2. Size index of Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ increased with increasing flood length, and plants flooded for 6 days had a 9% higher SI than plants flooded for 0 days in run 1. With the exception of Fothergilla × intermedia L. ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa appeared tolerant of and even thrived during flooding and would be appropriate shrub selections for a southeastern United States rain garden.

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Effects of Short Interval Cyclic Flooding on Growth and Survival of Three Native Shrubs

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.21.4.461 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 461-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katie L. Dylewski ◽

Amy N. Wright ◽

Kenneth M. Tilt ◽

Charlene LeBleu

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Short Interval ◽

Growth Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Calcined Clay ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Substrate Level ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Native Shrubs

The effect of short interval cyclic flooding on root and shoot growth of ‘Shamrock’ inkberry holly (Ilex glabra), ‘Henry's Garnet’ sweetspire (Itea virginica), and ‘Winterthur’ possumhaw (Viburnum nudum) was studied in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL. Liners (4.4 inches long) of each species were planted into trade 1-gal pots in 1 pine bark:1 peat by volume (PB:P) or fine textured calcined clay (CC). ‘Shamrock’ inkberry holly and ‘Henry's Garnet’ sweetspire were planted 18 Apr. 2008; the experiment was repeated with the addition of ‘Winterthur’ possumhaw on 16 June 2008. Plants were flooded to substrate level for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 7 days. Flooding cycles were repeated at least five times with 7 days of draining between each flood cycle. During draining, plants received no irrigation. Non-flooded plants were watered as needed. Flooded plants for all species except ‘Winterthur’ possumhaw showed decreased root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and final growth index when compared with non-flooded plants. Survival was higher in CC than PB:P for both experiments. All plants maintained good visual quality and shoot growth. As a result, overall, these plants seemed tolerant of flooding despite differences in growth.

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373 Response of Dwarf Yaupon Holly to Fertilizer Rate and Duration

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.456e ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 456E-456

Author(s):

Thomas Yeager ◽

Claudia Larsen ◽

Gisele Martins

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Application Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

N Application ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

N Application Rate ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Ilex Vomitoria

Multiple branched liners of Ilex vomitoria Ait. `Nana' were greenhouse-grown in 3-L containers with a 2 pine bark: 1 Canadian peat: 1 sand substrate. Plants were fertilized weekly with a solution of 50 N, 10 P, and 30 K (mg·L–1) for either 5, 10, or 15 weeks. Then plants for each of the three fertilizer durations were fertilized weekly with a solution of either 50, 150 or 300 N, 10 P, and 30 K (mg·L– 1) for an additional 15 weeks, at which time root and shoot dry weights were determined. A control group of plants was fertilized weekly with 300 N (mg·L–1) for 30 weeks. Shoot dry weight increased linearly as fertilizer rate or duration of fertilization increased. Root dry weights increased linearly as fertilizer duration increased while root dry weights were not different due to fertilizer rate. These data indicate that duration of fertilization is important in promoting root and shoot growth; however, the largest amount of root and shoot dry weight resulted from the highest N application rate (300 mg·L–1) for the longest duration (30 weeks).

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Reduced root and shoot growth caused by Erysiphe graminis tritici in related wheats grown in nutrient solution culture

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b79-166 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 57 (12) ◽

pp. 1345-1348 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. S. Baenziger ◽

R. A. Kilpatrick ◽

J. G. Moseman

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Erysiphe Graminis ◽

Resistant Line ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Nutrient Solution Culture

We determined the effects of infection by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici on root and shoot growth of the susceptible wheat cultivar 'Chancellor,' of the intermediately resistant line C.I. 14122 and of the highly resistant line C.I. 14120. Lines C.I. 14122 and C.I. 14120 are near isogenic lines of 'Chancellor' that carry resistant genes Pm3c and Pm3a respectively, conditioning their resistance to E. graminis tritici. Seedlings were grown in nutrient solution culture, inoculated with cultured of E. graminis tritici, and harvested 21 days after inoculation. The root dry weight of ‘Chancellor' was 54% less than the root dry weight of the highly resistant line C.I. 14120. The root dry weight of the intermediately resistant line C.I. 14122 was 16% less than the root dry weight of the highly resistant line C.I. 14120. The shoot dry weight of ‘Chancellor' was 46% less than that of the highly resistant line C.I. 14120. Tiller number was also significantly reduced by E. graminis tritici.

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Enhanced Root and Shoot Growth of Chrysanthemum Cuttings Propagated with the Fungus Trichoderma harzianum

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.3.496 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 496-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Amy J. MacKenzie ◽

Terri Woods Starman ◽

Mark T. Windham

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soilborne Pathogens ◽

White Marble ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Growing Medium ◽

Root And Shoot Growth

Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, a fungus that controls soilborne pathogens, can enhance growth of several vegetable and floriculture crops. Zero, 5, or 25 g of T. harzianum (isolate T-12) peat–bran amendment was added per kilogram medium in an effort to enhance the rooting of four chrysanthemum [Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] cultivars, two considered easy to root (`Davis' and `White Marble') and two considered hard to root (`Dark Bronze Charm' and `Golden Bounty'). Adding the T. harzianum amendment at both rates tested increased root and shoot fresh weights during 21 days of rooting, relative to the control. Supplementary treated cuttings were transplanted into nontreated growing medium after 21 days. Midway between transplant to flowering, increases in height, shoot dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight were detected in `Dark Bronze Charm' with T-12, relative to the control; increases in height, shoot fresh and dry weight, and number of nodes were detected in `Golden Bounty' with T-12. By this time, there were no detectable differences in `Davis' or `White Marble'.

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Emergence and Shoot Growth of Cosmos and Marigold from Paclobutrazol-treated Seed

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-19.1.11 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wallace G. Pill ◽

James A. Gunter

Keyword(s):

Growth Medium ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Tagetes Patula ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Grade 5 ◽

Treated Seed ◽

Emergence Percentage ◽

And Control

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether treating seeds of ‘Sensation Mixed’ cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) and ‘Bonanza Gold’ marigold (Tagetes patula L.) with paclobutrazol (PB) could suppress seedling growth. Seeds were soaked in solutions of 0, 500 or 1000 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) for 16 hours at 25C (77F) or they were primed [−0.5 MPa (−5 bars) for 7 days at 20C (68F)] in Grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite moistened with 0, 500 or 1000 ppm PB solltuions. Soaked and primed seeds were dried for 1 day at 19C (65F) and 25% relative humidity. These seeds and control (non-treated) seeds were sown into plug cells containing peat-lite. Increasing PB concentration decreased cosmos shoot height at 32 days after planting (DAP), but decreased emergence percentage, responses that were more pronounced with priming than with soaking. A 1 ppm PB growth medium drench [30 ml/cell(0.2 mg PB/cell)] and, to a greater extent a 10 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) shoot spray [2 ml/shoot (0.02 mg PB/shoot)], both applied at 10 DAP, resulted in greater cosmos shoot height suppression at 32 DAP than treatment of seeds with 1000 ppm PB. Soaking marigold seeds in 1000 ppm PB failed to decrease shoot height below those of plants from non-treated seeds at 32 DAP. However, exposure to 1000 ppm PB during priming of marigold seeds resulted in a similar shoot height suppression (13%) as the growth medium drench, and similar shoot dry weight reduction (21%) as the shoot spray. Suppression of shoot growth by this seed treatment was short-term since by five weeks after transplanting into 15 cm (6 in) pots, only marigold plants that had received the growth medium drench or shoot spray were smaller than those of control plants. Treating marigold seeds with 1000 mg ppm PB used about one-fifth the PB used to drench the growth medium.

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Evaluation of a Substrate-applied Humectant to Mitigate Drought Stress in Young, Container-grown Plants

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-33.3.137 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 137-141

Author(s):

Bruce R. Roberts ◽

Chris Wolverton ◽

Samantha West

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Root Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root:Shoot Ratio ◽

Xylem Water Potential ◽

Bedding Plants ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Soilless Substrate ◽

Absorbing Roots

The efficacy of treating soilless substrate with a commercial humectant was tested as a means of suppressing drought stress in 4-week-old container-grown Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Thumbelina’. The humectant was applied as a substrate amendment at concentrations of 0.0, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2% by volume prior to withholding irrigation. An untreated, well-watered control was also included. The substrate of treated plants was allowed to dry until the foliage wilted, at which time the plants were harvested and the following measurements taken: number of days to wilt (DTW), xylem water potential (ψx), shoot growth (shoot dry weight, leaf area) and root growth (length, diameter, surface area, volume, dry weight). For drought-stressed plants grown in humectant-treated substrate at concentrations of 1.6 and 3.2%, DTW increased 25 and 33%, respectively. A linear decrease in ψx was observed as the concentration of humectant increased from 0.0 to 3.2%. Linear trends were also noted for both volumetric moisture content (positive) and evapotranspiration (negative) as the concentration of humectant increased. For non-irrigated, untreated plants, stress inhibited shoot growth more than root growth, resulting in a lower root:shoot ratio. For non-irrigated, humectant-treated plants, the length of fine, water-absorbing roots increased linearly as humectant concentration increased from 0.0 to 3.2%. Using humectant-amended substrates may be a management option for mitigating the symptoms of drought stress during the production of container-grown bedding plants such as Z. elegans.

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Seedling Developmental Stage at Transplanting Affects Growth and Flowering of Medallion Flower and Globe Amaranth

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-33.2.53 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G.J. Keever ◽

J.R. Kessler ◽

G.B. Fain ◽

D.C. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Growth Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Development Stage ◽

Seedling Development ◽

Bedding Plants ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Flower Growth ◽

Root Restriction ◽

Experimental Runs

A study was conducted to determine how seedling development stage at transplanting from plug flats into small pots affected growth and flowering of two commonly grown bedding plants. Seeds of Showstar® medallion flower and ‘Las Vegas Pink’ globe amaranth were sown in 392-cell flats on five dates for each of two experimental runs before transplanting into 8.9 cm (3.5 in) cubic pots. At transplanting of both species, plant height, node count and shoot dry weight increased as days from sowing to transplanting increased and there was no visible cessation in shoot growth due to root restriction. Time to first flower from transplanting decreased linearly with both species in both runs, except with medallion flower in the second run, as time from sowing to transplanting increased. In contrast, time to flower of both species from sowing increased linearly as time from sowing to transplanting increased. However, the magnitude of the increase or decrease in time to flower differed between the two runs indicating that other factors, most likely light intensity and duration, besides node counts were affecting time to flower. Globe amaranth height and growth index and medallion flower growth index at first flower decreased as time from sowing to transplanting increased, whereas medallion flower height was not affected by time from sowing to transplanting.

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Cutless Controls Shoot Growth of ‘China Girl’ Holly

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-12.3.167 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 167-169

Author(s):

G.J. Keever ◽

C.H. Gilliam ◽

D.J. Eakes

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Growth Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Single Application ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Production Growth ◽

Container Production

Abstract Ilex x meserveae ‘China Girl’ plants were sprayed with a single application of different rates of Cutless (flurprimidol) during container production. Growth index, shoot length and shoot dry weight decreased with increasing rates of Cutless. Growth index of plants treated with 500 ppm Cutless was about 17% less than that of control plants 120 days after treatment, but were similar after the spring flush the following year. Growth inhibition persisted for at least two growing seasons when plants were treated with rates of 1500 to 2500 ppm; foliage of these plants was smaller and more cupped than that of control plants. Treated plants were noticeably more compact and uniform, and foliage was darker green than that of control plants.

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Comparing Effects of Container Treatments on Nursery Production and Field Establishment of Trees with Different Root Systems

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-18.2.83 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

Ursula K. Schuch ◽

Dennis R. Pittenger ◽

Philip A. Barker

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Copper Coating ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Brazilian Pepper ◽

Container Shape

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of container volume, container shape, and copper-coating containers on root and shoot growth during nursery production and after establishment in the field. Liners of ficus (Ficus retusa L. ‘Nitida’), a fibrous-rooted species, and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), a coarse-rooted species, were grown in regular or tall #1 containers in a glasshouse and were subsequently transplanted to the field or into #3 or #5 regular or tall containers. During the nursery phase, copper-coated containers improved rootball quality of ficus and pepper, but biomass production was not affected consistenly by copper coating. Tall, narrow versus regular containers restricted pepper growth throughout the nursery phase and field establishment, but had little effect on ficus. Biomass production of pepper trees was greatest in regular-shaped containers, and tall containers reduced growth consistently. Container shape did not affect shoot growth of ficus. The larger container volume of the #5 yielded greater total biomass of pepper and root dry weight of ficus during nursery production than did #3 pots. In the field, shoot dry weight of ficus was greatest when previously grown in #5 containers, and total biomass of pepper was greatest in both regular #3 or #5 containers.

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822 PB 269 PINE BARK SOIL AMENDMENTS AND NUTRITION AFFECT GROWTH AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF VIBURNUM PLICATUM VAR. TOMENTOSUM `MARIESII'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.551b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 551b-551

Author(s):

Carleton B Wood ◽

Timothy J. Smalley ◽

Mark Rieger

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Ammonium Toxicity ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Nitrogen Deficiencies ◽

Water Contents

Container-grown Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum `Mariesii' were planted in tilled beds and tilled beds amended with aged pine bark. After transplanting, plants were fertilized at three different rates: no fertilizer, 18.4 g of N m-2, and 36.8 g of N m-2. A 31 day drought was begun 73 days after planting. Fertilization of tilled plots induced ammonium toxicity, which caused a linear reduction in leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Fertilization of amended plots had no effect on shoot growth but reduced mot growth by 54%; thus, amendments ameliorated ammonium toxicity. Between 10 and 28 days after beginning the drought, plants in unfertilized-amended plots maintained higher relative leaf water contents (RLWC) and relative leaf expansion rates (RLER) than plants in unfertilized-tilled plots. Amendment induced nitrogen deficiencies contributed to the increased drought tolerance of plants from unfertilized-amended plots. Since fertilized plants developed symptoms of ammonium toxicity, we were unable to determine if increasing fertility would counteract the drought tolerance conferred by pine bark soil amendments.

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