scholarly journals Multilingualism in Hong Kong’s Formal and Informal Settings: A Brief Historical Review of The Development from The Early 1900s To the Late 2010s

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Chun Nam Mak
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
1997 Handover ◽  
Historical Viewpoint ◽  
Informal Settings ◽  
Multiple Languages

This article aims at tracing back the making of multilingualism in Hong Kong from a socio-historical viewpoint. It primarily illustrates the linguistic profiles of Cantonese, English, and Putonghua in official domains throughout the colonial period and after the 1997 handover, secondarily describing their roles in Hongkongers’ daily life. The situation of other minor languages is mentioned in passing. The snapshots reveal that a) Cantonese has developed to be a powerless lingua franca of Hongkongers, b) English has become a powerful second language with high economic value that hugely outweighs Cantonese, and that c) Putonghua has been similar to a foreign language despite its official status on the mainland. Other heritage languages of ethnic minorities have existed since the early colonial period, but they have never entered the mainstream or vastly impacted the three dominating languages. The discussion concludes that Hong Kong has yet to be a typical multilingual metropolis where citizens are fluent or native in multiple languages. It is still fluctuating in between monolingualism and multilingualism, however, showing an inclination to the latter.

The economic value and determinants of tourists’ counterfeit purchases: The case of Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Pratt ◽  
Christine YH Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Counterfeit Goods ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

Counterfeiting of fashion brands is a multi-billion dollar industry with an increasing number of goods being counterfeited. This research takes a demand-side approach to measuring counterfeiting activity among tourists in Hong Kong. Non-deceptive counterfeit purchases by tourists in Hong Kong amount to US$761.32 million per year. Tourists’ decision of whether to purchase counterfeit goods depended on a mix of extrinsic and intrinsic factors including psychometric variables, trip-related characteristics, and sociodemographics. Lowering the prices of genuine goods and explaining the risks of purchasing counterfeit goods would be the most effective anti-counterfeit measures. However, lowering the price of genuine goods can diminish the brand image of these luxury items.

Childhood in the Early Colonial Period

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
Harry Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Child Life ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Plymouth Colony ◽  
Massachusetts Bay Colony ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Poor Children

A great deal has been written about the life, struggles, and accomplishments of pioneer men and women who crossed the ocean to build a new world in the wilderness; but infant and child life during early colonial days is largely hidden in obscurity. Little has been recorded.1 It is known that few children under the age of 7 survived in the crowded immigrant ships: falling into the sea, accidents, hunger, thirst, and sickness took its sad toll. Nevertheless, there were many young2-5: a third of the founders of Plymouth were children; Puritan youth were evident in the great migration to the Massachusetts Bay Colony; several cargoes of poor children and orphans from Dutch almshouses were "bound out" to the burghers of New Netherlands; children were frequently dispatched from England as indentured servants and apprentices; the London Company sent 100 children to Virginia in 1619, and 1,500, kidnapped from Ireland and England, in 1627; African slave children were shipped to the colonies after 1620; and the colonial mother6 bore many children, buried many, and often followed them to the grave at an early age. Fecundity,5 characteristic of early colonists, served to people a continent (the population was 2.5 million in 1776), and provided needed child labor. Over 50% of Plymouth colony consisted of children.7 Colonial children were viewed as miniature adults; and boys and girls were dressed alike until the age of 7.1,7,8 The infant1,7 wore a long linen smock; was covered with a woolen blanket; and a wooden or wicker cradle, hooded to protect from cold draughts, much like those in which Indian babies slept, was its bed.

Gender-related online metalinguistic comments on Straattaal and Moroccan Flavored Dutch in the Moroccan heritage community in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacomine Nortier
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Overt Attention ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Linguistic Material

AbstractStraattaal (‘street language’) used by members of various ethnic groups contains linguistic material from English and several heritage languages with relatively many Sranan words. Moroccan Flavored Dutch (MFD) is Dutch with elements from Moroccan languages on the level of pronunciation, lexicon and/or grammar. Both Straattaal and MFD can be used by young Moroccan-Dutch. The basic question is: How is the use of MFD and Straattaal by Moroccan-Dutch females perceived within the Moroccan community in CMC? Data were collected by searching posts on social media. Male and female young Moroccan-Dutch comment negatively on Moroccan girls using Straattaal. However, MFD is used too, even by the same participants, receiving little overt attention. The use of and attitudes towards youth languages by females elsewhere sometimes differ from the Moroccan-Dutch context. Examples from Algeria, Indonesia and Hong Kong show that they are used by both females and men without overt negative connotations compared to Western Europe where they seem to be used predominantly by males. A possible explanation could be that there seems to be a gender restriction for varieties used as anti-languages (Halliday 1976), while youth varieties that mark socially upward mobility can be used by both males and females.

scholarly journals THE MANAGEMENT OF ZAKAT IN INDONESIA: A HISTORICAL REVIEW

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-246
Author(s):  
Kamal Ibrahim ◽  
Sepky Mardian
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Descriptive Method

The Management of zakat in Indonesia has been going on since Islam entered Indonesia till today. This study aims to explain how the management of zakat in Indonesia is patterned on Islamic principles. The study uses a descriptive method with historical approach. The study of the history of Islam and Indonesia became the basis for determining the findings, on the pattern of management of zakat in Indonesia. The findings showed that the pattern of management of zakat in the beginning at the time of the entry of Islam in the colonial period, had a huge role in the society. This pattern became one of models of management of zakat

Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period: The Metropolitan Schools

Art Journal ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Marcia Allentuck ◽  
Donald Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Manuscript Painting
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