The significance of the 1971 flank eruption of Etna from volcanological and historic viewpoints

The 1971 eruption represents a benchmark in the recent history of Etna volcano. From a volcanological point of view, this eruption was characterised by complex intrusive dynamics associated with significant ground deformation that induced the activation of the Moscarello seismogenic fault and the formation of a new summit crater: the Southeast Crater. At the same time, the 1971 event marks an important change in the eruptive style and composition of the magma towards products richer in K. It is no coincidence that, over the next fifty years, there would be an increase in the frequency of summit and flank eruptions and associated output rate. From an historical viewpoint, the eruptive event of 1971 was the first important flank eruption studied by the International Institute of Volcanology: the analysis of the scientific articles on this activity reveals a greater multidisciplinary content in the descriptions and explanations of volcanic activity. Particularly important were the collaborations of British and French research groups that, together with their Italian colleagues, succeeded in giving a complete picture of the eruption and describing the state of knowledge on the Sicilian volcano. The multidisciplinary methodology used to study this eruption is still valid today.

Urbanisation at Sannati (c. 300 bc–c. 300 ad): An Early Historic Buddhist Settlement in North Karnataka, India. A Comparative Perspective

Urbanisation has been studied almost from the middle of twentieth century by historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, sociologists and city planners who have interpreted it variously. An urban centre would engage with specific functions particularly with regard to the hinterland. In urbanisation comparatively small settlements and simple communities develop into specialised centres and complex societies. As the process of urbanisation is examined from an archaeological or historical viewpoint, the major parameters frequently applied to situate urbanisation are location and size of settlements, large structures, art, writing and standardised medium of exchange. The issue of urbanisation has been studied in detail with respect to Northern India as compared to Deccan and particularly Karnataka. Sannati (Taluk Chittapur, district Gulbarga) in North Karnataka is the main site of investigation. It is a Maurya-Satavahana settlement with some remains belonging to the megalithic Iron Age. Sannati and the nearby settlements of Kanaganahalli are rich in Buddhist structures, sculptures and other antiquities. The author has made an effort to understand if the early historic material culture showed maturity when compared with the antecedent cultures. How did the external powers, such as Mauryas and the Satavahanas influence local development? Did the socio-political order meet the benchmarks of urbanisation? The author in this study has tried to locate urban contours in North Karnataka, especially at Sannati even when compared with other urban landscapes in northern India and the Deccan.

150 let antropologie: Tylor, Morgan a Miklucho-Maklaj aneb kultura, komparace a terénní výzkum roku 1871

This paper follows up the year 1871; a milestone of hardening anthropology as scientific approach. Tylor has published Primitive Culture; Morgan was signed under the title Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, Miklouho-Maclay landed on New Guinea in the same year. There is no strict connection between these crucial events. From the historical viewpoint is possible to see (1) rising of focus on diachronic perspective to understand society and culture; (2) a studying of kinship as the key how to understand the both – culture and society; (3) a necessity to perform field research in a particular society and culture.

Who was the Founder of Empiricism After All? Gassendi and the ‘Logic’ of Bacon

Contentions about the origin of early modern empiricism have been floating about at least since the 1980s, where its exclusive “Britishness” was initially question, and the name of Gassendi was provocatively put forward as the putative “founder” of the current to the detriment of Francis Bacon. Recent scholarship has shown that early modern empiricism did not derive from philosophical speculation exclusively but had multiple sources and “foundations.” Yet, from a historical viewpoint, the question whether Bacon’s method had any influence on the origin and development of Gassendi’s version of empiricism still carries significance, for its answer may open up different views on how the relation between British and “continental” empiricisms shall be framed. In this paper, I deal with Gassendi’s reception of Bacon. On the basis of a deep examination of Gassendi’s corpus, I contend that there is no trace of a consistent influence of Bacon on Gassendi’s empiricism before 1650s; although I show that an indirect influence can be found through the mediation of Peiresc, I put forward the hypothesis that it was more the empirical attitude characterizing Peiresc’s intellectual figure, rather than his interest in Baconianism, to be relevant, along with Epicurus’ philosophy, for Gassendi’s early empiricism. I then analyze Gassendi’s treatment of Bacon’s logic in Gassendi’s Syntagma philosophicum. I show that despite Gassendi’s sympathy for Bacon’s project, his own logic lays on fundamentally different assumptions. Despite this, I argue for Gassendi’s reception of Bacon’s theory of the idols in Syntagma philosophicum. On this basis, I conclude by restating the untenability of “national” accounts of the rise of empiricism, and the importance of highlighting instead the sharing of ideas between its actors.

The COVID-19 Pandemic: global perspective and preliminary learnings

<p>This paper examines two key questions to put the COVID-19 pandemic into a broader perspective: What does our past tell us about pandemics? What can it teach us for the future? Moreover, the paper considers three independents but interconnected analytical perspectives. The first one is about advancing our species on the planet and examining the great technological transformations from a historical viewpoint. The second perspective consists of a reflection on food taboos and their relationship to biodiversity issues and zoonotic processes. The third perspective involves a thoughtful exploration of big men, multilateralism, and the society of risk. In addition to overcoming the pandemic’s economic impact, the main challenges of the post-COVID-19 world will be overcome by its ideological implications and the need to strengthen both multilateralism and scientific and technological cooperation solidarity among people.</p>

The COVID-19 Pandemic: global perspective and preliminary learnings

<p>This paper examines two key questions to put the COVID-19 pandemic into a broader perspective: What does our past tell us about pandemics? What can it teach us for the future? Moreover, the paper considers three independents but interconnected analytical perspectives. The first one is about advancing our species on the planet and examining the great technological transformations from a historical viewpoint. The second perspective consists of a reflection on food taboos and their relationship to biodiversity issues and zoonotic processes. The third perspective involves a thoughtful exploration of big men, multilateralism, and the society of risk. In addition to overcoming the pandemic’s economic impact, the main challenges of the post-COVID-19 world will be overcome by its ideological implications and the need to strengthen both multilateralism and scientific and technological cooperation solidarity among people.</p>

An Overview of the Theoretical Perspectives on Higher Education Financing (Implications for Educational Administration in Nigeria)

The paper reviewed some theories that explain higher education financing. Some aspect of these theories is compared in terms of the theoretical perspective on financing higher education. The historical viewpoint and the tenant of the theories give an insight and possible solution to higher education financing. The purpose of the paper is to illuminate an important policy issues on financing higher education the world over and to contribute to the general debate on the contribution of theories in explaining the main issue of financing higher education.

An examination of female exceptionalism in early leisure placemaking activities.

Placemaking is defined as the intentional design of public space to benefit the health and happiness of the citizens. While this concept is generally considered to have originated in the 1960s with the work of Jones and Whyte, there is evidence that the basics of placemaking were present in the late 19th and early 20th century. The role of female pioneers in hospitality and leisure placemaking has remained relatively unexplored. These women who made industry-changing contributions to catering and culinary arts, food safety, hospitality architecture, and hotel operations helped to create both public and private spaces for leisure that promoted the basic tenets of placemaking. Their narratives will be examined in the context of historical benchmarking for leisure placemaking in this chapter, which details the lives, accomplishments, and lasting legacies of the foremothers of the hospitality industry. Provided in a case study format, this chapter provides leisure educators with materials for the classroom while examining the concept of placemaking from a historical viewpoint. This chapter provides insight for future research into the role of women in placemaking, both historically and in contemporary times.

A Blue Step Forward: An Exploratory Study of Law Enforcement Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence in the Southern United States

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive issue that is underreported to law enforcement. One reason why individuals do not report their victimization stems from a perceived lack of support from law enforcement officials. However, law enforcement perceptions of IPV are largely unknown as the empirical literature on this topic is both limited and dated. To fill this gap in the literature, we conduct an exploratory analysis of how officers perceive IPV events. Utilizing original survey data from 498 law enforcement officers in a Southern state, officer perceptions of offenders, victims, and the credibility of IPV calls are explored. We also evaluate whether those perceptions vary by personal characteristics of officers by utilizing t-tests and correlations. Findings indicate that, overall, officer perceptions have evolved from the historical viewpoint that IPV events were a private family matter to contemporary perceptions that IPV is a serious crime that requires attention from law enforcement. Furthermore, results suggest differences in perceptions by officers’ personal characteristics (i.e., gender, rank, age, and years of law enforcement experience). With increasing age and years of law enforcement experience, victim-related factors are less salient in police perceptions of IPV calls. Regarding gender, female officers are less likely than male officers to believe victims may easily leave an abusive relationship and less likely to consider physical evidence of trauma to be very important in determining the credibility of an IPV call—suggesting that female officers are more in tune with the complexity of IPV cases. While officers appear to have a strong understanding of the contours of IPV incidents, overall, clear differences by personal characteristics were evident.