scholarly journals New indexes for measuring electoral disproportionality

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Verónica Arredondo ◽  
Miguel Martínez-Panero ◽  
Antonio Palomares ◽  
Teresa Peña ◽  
Victoriano Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Whole Numbers ◽  
Realistic Approach ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Whole Number ◽  
As If

The number of representatives obtained by each political party in an electoral process must be a whole number. So, the percentage of votes for each party usually differs from the corresponding percentage of seats, forcing a certain unavoidable disproportionality. On the other hand, different elements of the electoral system (constituencies, thresholds, etc.) may produce some avoidable disproportionality. Those indexes traditionally used to analyse disproportionality take into account an unreachable exact proportionality as a reference. Instead, our more realistic approach quantifies distortions from a specific allotment, namely the seat distribution obtained when applying a proportional method to the total votes (that is, as if it were a unique constituency, without electoral thresholds or incentives to the winning party). Hence, we measure the avoidable disproportionality associated with such method. Unlike traditional indexes, we propose indexes associated with proportional allotment methods that can be zero in real situations. They are simple to calculate and allow us to decipher the number of seats assigned beyond the inevitable disproportionality which arises from the constraint of whole numbers. We are particularly interested in the indexes associated with Jefferson and Webster methods, which are compared to Gallagher, Loosemore-Hanby and Sainte-Laguë indexes for the results of 55 elections held in several countries.

Multiparty Democracy in Zimbabwe after the Adoption of the 2013 Constitution

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-146
Author(s):  
Tinashe Carlton Chigwata
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
National Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Democratic Change ◽  
Do So

Zimbabwe adopted a new Constitution in 2013 which, among other objectives, sought to give greater legitimacy to multiparty democracy. This Constitution strengthens the role of an independent electoral commission, entrenches an array of political rights and freedoms, and requires multilevel government elections. The harmonized elections of 2013 and 2018, which were held under its regime, did not seem to have changed the previous patterns of disputed electoral processes and outcome. Both the electoral process and outcomes for these elections were disputed and subjected to court challenges. The main opposition, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), continue to cry foul that elections are stolen in favour of the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union—Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) political party. On the other hand, ZANU-PF argues that it wins elections fairly and squarely as it has always done in the past because it is the most popular political party. This chapter addresses the question of whether the new Constitution has been able to end a culture of disputed elections and, therefore promote effective multiparty democracy. If not, what are the major obstacles and areas of contention? It will do so by examining the harmonized elections that have so far been held under its regime—the 2013 and 2018 harmonized elections.

When Do Politicians Lie?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Armstrong-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Simple Observation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
As If

Abstract When do politicians lie? A politician who admits to wrongdoing will likely suffer some loss of popularity, but probably not as great as if he denied wrong doing and was subsequently discovered to have lied. This simple observation has a number of implications. For example, a politician in a marginal seat may have little choice but to risk lying as admitting will lose him too much popularity to survive. On the other hand, a politician in a relatively safe seat might survive the loss from admitting, but not from lying and being caught. Therefore we might predict the likelihood that a politician admits to a scandal to be positively related (over some range at least) to the security of his seat. This paper tests this prediction, and some others, with data from House bank scandal of 1991-92.

scholarly journals PENGETAHUAN PERPAJAKAN, SOSIALISASI PERPAJAKAN, DAN PELAYANAN FISKUS TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Meiska Lianty ◽  
Dini Wahjoe Hapsari ◽  
Kurnia K
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Whole Number ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to discover how the effect of the tax knowledge, tax socialization, and tax authorities service, either simultaneously or partially, on the taxpayers compliance in KPP Pratama Bandung Bojonagara. The research samples are the whole number of the non-employee individual taxpayers in the amount of 100 people. The sampling technique is convenience sampling and the analysis method is using multiple linear regression. Simultaneously, the tax knowledge, the tax socialization, and the tax authorities service significantly affect the taxpayers compliance in KPP Pratama Bandung Bojonagara. Partially, the result shows that both the tax knowledge and the tax authorities service significantly have positive effect and are directly proportional on the taxpayers compliance. On the other hand, the tax socialization has no significant effect on the taxpayers compliance in KPP Pratama Bandung Bojonagara.

An experiment on dispersion

1933 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-422
Author(s):  
R. C. Evans
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Anomalous Dispersion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sharp Edge ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Minimum Deviation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
As If

In the spectrum formed by a grating the red is more deviated than the blue, while in that formed by a prism, which does not exhibit anomalous dispersion in the visible spectrum, the reverse is the case. If, then, white light is passed first through a grating and then through a prism, the nature of the spectrum produced will depend on the relative dispersions of the grating and prism. If throughout the spectrum the dispersion of the prism is less than that of the grating, the sequence of colours will be the same as that in the spectrum due to the grating alone, red being more deviated than blue. If, on the other hand, the dispersion of the prism is throughout the spectrum greater than that of the grating, the sequence of colours will be reversed. On account of the rapid increase in the dispersion of glass near the blue end of the spectrum, it may, however, be possible that the dispersion of the prism exceeds that of the grating in the blue while in the red the reverse is the case. Under these conditions both red and blue will be more deviated than some intermediate colour for which the dispersions of the grating and prism are equal. The spectrum will thus have a sharp edge of this colour at the end of minimum deviation, while in the direction of greater deviation it will at each point consist of two superimposed colours. It is as if an ordinary white light spectrum was folded back on itself about the sharp edge.

scholarly journals On some circumstances relating to the economy of bees

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compact Mass ◽  
Whole Number ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The One ◽  
Hollow Tree ◽  
As If

The author had already stated, in a former communication to the Royal Society, his having noticed that for several days previous to the settling of a swarm of bees in the cavity of a hollow tree adapted to their reception, a considerable number of these insects were incessantly employed in examining the state of the tree, and particularly of every dead knot above the cavity which appeared likely to admit water. He has since had an opportunity of observing that the bees who performed this task of inspection, instead of being the same individuals as he had formerly supposed, were in fact a continual succession of different bees; the whole number in the course of three days being such as to warrant the inference that not a single labouring bee ever emigrates in a swarm without having seen its proposed future habitation. He finds that the same applies not only to the place of permanent settlement, but also to that where the bees rest temporarily, soon after swarming, in order to collect their numbers. The swarms, which were the subjects of Mr. Knight’s experiments, showed a remarkable disposition to unite under the same queen. On one occasion a swarm, which had arisen from one of his hives, settled upon a bush at a distance of about twenty-five yards; but instead of collecting together into a compact mass, as they usually do, they remained thinly dispersed for nearly half an hour; after which, as if tired of waiting, they singly, one after the other, and not in obedience to any signal, arose and returned home. The next morning a swarm issued from a neighbouring hive, and proceeded to the same bush upon which the other bees had settled on the preceding day; collecting themselves into a mass, as they usually do when their queen is present. In a few minutes afterwards a very large assemblage of bees rushed from the hive from which the former swarm had issued, and proceeded directly to the one which had just settled, and instantly united with them. The author is led from these and other facts to conclude that such unions of swarms are generally, if not always, the result of previous concert and arrangement.

scholarly journals The defence of the honeybee community

1954 ◽  
Vol 142 (909) ◽  
pp. 514-524 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Partial Separation ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
As If

Pairs of colonies of differently coloured bees were placed with their entrances only 2 in. apart, and m any bees tried to enter the wrong colony, as if it were their own. Strangers were recognized by their different scent, and their reception depended upon foraging conditions. In nectar flows there was no hostility and the bees of both colonies mingled indiscriminately. In fairly good conditions there was no hostility, but partial separation was maintained through the discrimination shown by incoming foragers. In dearth conditions, when bees try to rob other colonies, all strangers were received with hostility; most were thrown out and many were killed. In dearth conditions marked foragers from one of the two colonies were fed with sugar syrup, but they were nevertheless repelled when they tried to enter the unfed colony; on the other hand, unfed strangers were more readily admitted into the fed colony. Thus hostility to strangers was inversely proportional to the availability of forage; the condition of the community which was to be entered was important, but the behaviour of the intruder was not. These results are discussed in relation to the defence of the community against both robber bees and strange queens.

Configuration of Quadrivalent Atoms

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-221
Author(s):  
T. M. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Tetrahedral Configuration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metallic Atom ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Function Change ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Octahedral Configuration ◽  
As If

Two alternative views have been expressed in regard to the configuration of quadrivalent atoms. On the one hand le Bel and van't Hoff assigned to quadrivalent carbon a tetrahedral configuration, which has since been confirmed by the X-ray analysis of the diamond. On the other hand, Werner in 1893 adopted an octahedral configuration for radicals of the type MA6, e.g. inand then suggested that “the molecules [MA4]X2 are incomplete molecules [MA6]X2. The radicals [MA4] result from the octahedrally-conceived radicals [MA6] by loss of two groups A, but with no function-change of the acid residue…. They behave as if the bivalent metallic atom in the centre of the octahedron could no longer bind all six of the groups A and lost two of them leaving behind the fragment [MA4]” (p. 303).

The Genesis of Mind

1862 ◽  
Vol 7 (40) ◽  
pp. 461-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Maudsley
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Being There ◽  
The One ◽  
As If

As it has ever been the custom of man to act as if he were eternal, and lavishly to scatter the limited force which he embodies as though the supply were inexhaustible, it produces no unaccustomed surprise to witness the useless expenditure of force which is so frequently made at the present time. It may even, perhaps, be deemed a token of some modesty, that the being, who since his first formation has been continually occupied in metaphysical regions with the investigation of the origin of all things, should be content for a while to amuse himself with physical theories concerning his own origin. That which is to be regretted in the new and comparatively praiseworthy occupation is the old evil of hasty theorizing on the one hand, and on the other hand, the evil, scarcely less ancient, of an impetuous eagerness to demolish any theory, however plausible, which comes athwart a favourite prejudice. What though the anatomist does discover a very close resemblance and very slight differences between the structure of a gorilla and the structure of a human being; there is no need, on that account, that mankind in a feeling of injured dignity should angrily rouse up and disclaim the undesired relationship. Whatever may be said or written, it is quite plain after all that a man is not a gorilla, and that a gorilla is not a man; it is furthermore manifest that gorillas do not breed men now-a-days, and that we have not the shadow of any evidence to guide us in forming; an opinion as to what they may have clone in times past. The negative testimony of Du Chaillu, who says that he searched in vain in the gorilla region for any intermediate race or link between it and man, scarcely adds anything to the conviction of the non-existence of any such link, which has long been universally entertained.*

scholarly journals The Metrological Relief at Oxford

1883 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 335-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ad. Michaelis
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Greek Art ◽  
Artistic Interest ◽  
As If

Of peculiar interest among the Arundel marbles of the Pomfret donation at Oxford, is a slab in the shape of a pediment, ‘in which there is in basso relievo the figure of a man as big as the life with his arms extended as if he was crucified, but no lower than about his paps is seen, the cornice cutting him off as it were; and this extension of his arms is called a grecian measure, and over his arm is a grecian foot.’ The marble thus described by George Vertue, the engraver, was first published in Chandler's Marmora Oxoniensia, Pt. I., Pl. lix., No. 166, but its importance was completely overlooked until the late Prof. Matz, in one of his last papers, published a better drawing and pointed out the artistic interest of the relief as a sculpture belonging to a rather early period of Greek art. On the other hand, the merit of the monument as an authentic document of Greek metrology was set forth, at my request, by my friend Dr. Fr. Hultsch, the author of Griechische Metrologie, whose views are repeated in my Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. The chief result of his exposition was that our relief unites in a most interesting way the indication of the length of a fathom (ὀρλυιά) of 2·06 or 20·07 m. with that of a foot of 0·295 m., which is not, as one might expect, the sixth, but exactly the seventh part of the fathom. As such a division of the fathom does not agree with the well-known facts of Greek metrology, Hultsch imagined that the foot on our marble might rather be a modulus used by sculptors and architects, and he observed that the recent excavations of Olympia seem to show the dimensions of some of the temples, particularly of the very old temple of Heré, to be based on a double measure, on a foot but little longer (of 0·298 m.), as well as on a fathom of 2·084 m. which, again, corresponds to seven of those feet.

Two Methodological Worlds Apart? Praises and Critiques from a European Comparativist

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Rihoux
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Inquiry ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
As If

Social scientists who strive to reflect on their research “while they're doing it” (Becker 1998) live in very fortunate times. On the one hand, it seems as if an increasing number of scholars want to do a little more than simply apply ready-made recipes. On the other hand, a few key volumes have recently been published that move beyond ready-made recipes. In my personal top three, I would most probably place Mahoney and Rueschemeyer (2003), George and Bennett (2005), and—last but not least—the volume discussed in this symposium. What distinguishes Rethinking Social Inquiry (RSI) from the two other volumes, in my view, is that it has a broader agenda and hence a broader ambition.

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