scholarly journals Vegetación del sector malacitano-axarquiense (Comarca de la Axarquía. Montes de Málaga y Corredor de Colmenar). Málaga (España).

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 215-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez-Latorre ◽  
Gonzalo Caballero ◽  
Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas ◽  
Oscar Gavira ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Underground Water ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
The North ◽  
Maytenus Senegalensis ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
New Type ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

RESUMEN. Vegetación del sector Malacitano-Axarquiense (Comarca de La Axarquía, Montes deMálaga y Corredor de Colmenar). Málaga (España). Se ha realizado un estudio fitocenológico,florístico y fitogeográfico del sector Malacitano-Axarquiense (provincia Bética, Región Mediterránea),que coincide en gran medida con la comarca natural de la Axarquía, Montes de Málaga y Corredor deColmenar (provincia de Málaga, Andalucía, España). Bioclimáticamente aparecen los pisostermomediterráneo seco y subhúmedo y el piso mesomediterráneo subhúmedo. Se propone unasectorización fitogeográfica a un nivel inferior al de sector, con 5 unidades: unidad Axarquiense (lamás oriental), unidad Montes de Málaga (la de mayor elevación y precipitación anual), unidad Almogía(la más occidental), unidad Hacho de Pizarra (geomorfológicamente aislada) y unidad Corredor deColmenar (al norte de las anteriores). Se han recolectado algunos táxones de interés por su grado deamenaza, por estar protegidos, por ser endemismos o muy escasos. El territorio presenta una elevadacantidad de sintaxones (85) si tenemos en cuenta que ha sufrido una fuerte antropización por lainfluencia de la ciudad de Málaga y por la gran extensión de cultivos marginales. De estos sintaxonesdestacan algunas novedades como un tipo de alcornocal (Centaureo sempervirentis-Quercetum suberis)o una alianza de pastizales vivaces otoñales (Ranunculion bullati). Se han catalogado 13 series devegetación: 4 de tipo climatófilo caracterizadas por vegetación climácica de árboles planifolios(Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber); 6 edafohidrófilas con vegetación climácica dominada porárboles caducifolios (Populus alba, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia) o arbustos de riberas o nivelesfreáticos (Salix pedicellata, Neirum oleander, Tamarix africana); 3 edafoxerófilas caracterizadasclimácicamente por arbustos relictuales (Maytenus senegalensis, Juniperus turbinata) o árboles (Oleasylvestris). La vegetación de complejos edafogénicos se desarrolla en suelos con niveles freáticos(Coriaria myrtifolia), lagunas (hidrófitos), dunas y arenales (psammófitos) y acantilados litorales(Limonium malacitanum). Se aportan en este trabajo el esquema sintaxonómico, los inventarios y/otablas fitosociológicas de novedades o interés especial y un mapa fitogeográfico.Palabras clave. Vegetación, fitogeografía, sintaxonomía, Montes de Málaga, Axarquía, Málaga,Andalucía, España.SUMMARY. Vegetation of the Axarquia, Montes de Malaga and Colmenar Corridor (Malacitano-Axarquiense phytogeographical sector) Málaga (Spain). A series of phytocoenological, floristic andphytogeographical studies have been made in the Malacitano-Axarquiense sector (Betica province,Mediterranean region) that corresponds to the local territories of Axarquía, Montes de Málaga andCorredor de Colmenar (Malaga province, Andalusia, Spain). The bioclimatic belts of the studiedterritory are thermomediterranean dry and subhumid and mesomediterranean subhumid. The proposedphytogeographical division under sector level delimits 5 units: Axarquiense (eastern most), Montesde Málaga (the highest and with higher rainfall), Almogía (western most), Hacho de Pizarra(lithologically isolated) and Corredor de Colmenar (located at the north of the others). Some interestingplants have been pointed out due to its endangered status or being protected by law, endemics or rare.In the studied territory develop a large number of sintaxa (85) if we consider that the land has suffereda strong man influence (large expanse of dry-farmed crops) and it is very near to the city of Málaga.Some sintaxa stand out: a new type of Quercus suber forest (Centaureo sempervirentis-Quercetumsuberis) and a new alliance for autumnal geophyte grasslands (Ranunculion bullati). A total amountof 13 vegetation series have been catalogued: 4 series are climactic and characterised by sclerophyllbroad-leaved trees (Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber); 6 edaphohydrophyllic series with climaxcharacterised by deciduous trees (Populus alba, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia) or tall shrubs(Salix pedicellata, Neirum oleander, Tamarix africana) in riversides or underground water tables; 3edaphoxerophyllic series characterised by relict shrublands (Maytenus senegalensis, Juniperusturbinata) or trees (Olea sylvestris). The vegetation that develops in mosaic-complexes correspondsto damp soils (Coriaria myrtifolia), pools (hydrophytes), dunes and sandy areas (psammophytes) andcoastal cliffs (Limonium malacitanum). This work includes a syntaxonomical scheme, relevés ortables for interesting new phytosociological sintaxa and a phytogeographical map.Key words. Vegetation, Phytogeography, sintaxonomy, Montes de Málaga, Axarquía, Malaga,Andalusia, Spain.

scholarly journals Vegetación de la cordillera antequerana oriental (Subsector Torcalense). Málaga-Granada (España)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 145-173
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez Latorre ◽  
Gonzalo Caballero ◽  
Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas ◽  
Oscar Gavira ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Underground Water ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Quercus Faginea ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
New Syntaxa ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

RESUMEN. Vegetación de la cordillera Antequerana Oriental (subsector Torcalense). Málaga-Granada (España). Se ha realizado un estudio fitocenológico, florístico y fitogeográfico del subsector Torcalense en su parte sudoriental (sector Antequerano, provincia Bética, Región Mediterránea), que abarca diversas sierras del Arco Calizo Central de Málaga y que se adentran en Granada (Andalucía, España). Bioclimáticamente aparecen los pisos termomediterráneo subhúmedo, mesomediterráneo subhúmedo-húmedo y supramedite- rráneo húmedo. Se propone una sectorización fitogeográfica a un nivel inferior al de sector, con 2 unidades: unidad Pedrizas (la más occidental), y unidad de Zafarraya (más oriental). Se han seleccionado algunos táxones de interés por su grado de amenaza (ej. Salvia candelabrum), por estar protegidos (ej. Prunus mahaleb) o por ser endemismos torcalenses (Saxifraga biternata) o muy escasos (ej. Narcissus elegans). El territorio presenta una elevada cantidad de sintaxones (49) si tenemos en cuenta su pequeña extensión y homogeneidad litológica. De estos sintaxones destacan algunas novedades como un nuevo tipo de quejigal (Vinco difformis-Quercetum fagineae). Se han catalogado 8 series de vegetación: 4 de tipo climatófilo caracterizadas por vegetación climácica de árboles planifolios, perennifolios o marcescentes (Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea) 1 edafoxerófila con acebuches (Olea sylvestris) y 3 edafohidrófilas con vegetación climácica dominada por árboles caducifolios (Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia) o arbustos (Nerium oleander) de riberas o niveles freáticos. La vegetación de complejos edafogénicos se desarrolla en karst (Acer monspessulanum) o lagunas (Ranunculus saniculifolius, R. tricophyllus). Se aportan en este trabajo las especies de interés, el esquema sintaxonómico, los inventarios y/o tablas fitosociológicas de novedades o interés especial y un mapa fitogeográfico.Palabras clave. Vegetación, fitogeografía, sintaxonomía, sector Antequerano, Málaga, Andalucía, España.ABSTRACT. Vegetation of the eastern Antequera mountain range (Torcalense subsector). Malaga-Granada (Spain). We have studied the vegetation and flora of the south-eastern Torcalense phytogeographical subsector (Antequerano sector, Bética province, Mediterranean region). This area comprises several mountain ranges in the centre of the province of Malaga, entering western Granada province. Three bioclimatic belts have been detected: thermomediterranean subhumid, mesomediterranean subhumid-humid and supramediter- ranean humid. Two phytogeographical units, under subsector level, are proposed: Pedrizas unit (western) and Zafarraya unit (eastern). Some interesting taxa have been found in the territory; they are endangered (e. g. Salvia candelabrum), protected (e. g. Prunus mahaleb), local endemism (Saxifraga biternata) or scarce plant (e. g. Narcissus elegans). The studied area shows a high number of plant communities (49) if we take into account its little area and homogeneous lithology. We point out some new syntaxa as a Quercus faginea forest (Vinco difformis-Quercetum fagineae). A total of 8 vegetation series have been detected: 4 series are climatophyllous and characterised by sclerophyllous or winter-deciduous broad-leafed trees (Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea); 1 edaphoxerophyllic series is characterised by Olea sylvestris; 3 series are edaphohidrophyllic and characterised by deciduous trees (Ulmus minor, Fraxinus angustifolia) or tall shrubs (Nerium oleander) in riversides and river beds with underground water tables. The vegetation that develops as mosaic-complexes belongs to karst (Acer monspessulanum) or pools (Ranunculus saniculifolius, R. tricophyllus). The more interesting species, a syntaxonomical scheme, relevés and tables, and a phytogeo- graphical map are included.Key words. Vegetation, Phytogeography, syntaxonomy, Antequerano sector, Malaga, Andalusia, Spain.

scholarly journals Datos sobre la flora y vegetación de la cuenca del río Guadiamar (Sevilla-Huelva, España).

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 189-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez Latorre ◽  
Patricia Navas ◽  
David Navas ◽  
Yolanda Gil ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
Guadiamar River ◽  
Sierra Morena ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
Vegetation Series

RESUMEN. Datos sobre la flora y vegetación de la cuenca del río Guadiamar (Sevilla-Huelva, España). Sc ha realizado un estudio florístico, fitocenológico y fitogeográfico de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Guadiamar (Sevilla-Huelva, Andalucía, España). Bioclimáticamente domina en la cuenca el piso termomecliterráneo (con un reducto mesomediterráneo al NW) y el ombrotipo subhúmedo (seco al S). Se propone una sectorización fitogeográfica para la cuenca a un nivel inferior al de sector y resaltando el papel de conector de la cuenca del Guadiamar entre la provincia Luso-Extremadurense (Sierra Morena) y la Tingitano-Onubo-Algarviense (arenales y marismas). Como resultado sobre la flora, se presenta un conjunto de especies de interés por estar protegidas, por su escasez en la cuenca, en Andalucía Occidental, o por indicar determinados ecosistemas frágiles o singulares. Respecto a la vegetación, el territorio presenta una gran diversidad de asociaciones y comunidades (96), algunas de ellas son novedades sintaxonómicas: Imperato cylindricae-Scirpetum holoschoeni, Cisto salvifolii-Ulicetum australis lavanduletosum sampaianae, Malcomio trilobae-Hytnenocarpetum hamosi loeflingietosunz baeticae, Ornithopi isthmocarpi-Anthoxantetum ovati y vulpietosum alopecuroris, Ranunculo peltati-Callitrichetum brutiae y Ranunculo hederacei-Callitrichetum stagnalis. Además se lectotipifican Polypogono monspeliensis-Ranunculetum scelerati y Scolymo maculati-Sylibetum mariani. Se han catalogado 13 series de vegetación, 5 de tipo climatófilo, dominadas por fagáceas (Quercus suber y Quercus rotundtfolia) con faci aciones de Pious pinea, Olea europaea var. sylvestris o Quercus broteroi, y 8 de tipo edafohidrófi lo (caracterizadas respectivamente por Populus alba, Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor, Alnus glutinosa, Salix pedicellata, Nerium oleander, Tamariz gallica y Securinega tinctorea). Así mismo, aparecen complejos edafogénicos (mosaicos) de vegetación halófila en Entremuros (Parque Natural de Doñana) y de vegetación dulceacuícola por toda la cuenca. La vegetación permanente edafoxerófila corresponde a Genistetum polyanthi. Se presentan un esquema sintaxonómico, tablas fitosociológicas de novedades y un mapa de las series de vegetación.Palabras clave. Flora, vegetación, Fitogeografía, río Guadiamar, Sevilla, Huelva, Andalucía, España.SUMMARY. Flora and vegetation in the basin of the Guadiamar river (Seville-Huelva, Spain). We have carried out a floristical, phytocoenological and phytogeographical study about the Guadiamar river basin (Seville-Huelva, Andalusia, Spain). Thermo-mediterranean bioclimatic belt (appearing a little meso-mediterranean belt area towards NW) and sub humid ombro-type (dry towards S) characterises the basin. It is proposed a phytogeographical scheme under sector level for the Guadiamar basin. Stands out the corridor role of the Guadiamar river between the phytogeographical provinces Luso-Extremadurense (Sierra Morena) and Tingitano-Onubo- Algarviense (sandy lands and marshes). A group of species are highlighted as a result of being protected, rare in the basin or in Western Andalusia or because of living in fragile or singular ecosystems. Regarding the vegetation, a high diversity of plant communities has been found (96), some of them are new syntaxa or combinations: Impercaocylindricae-Scirpetumholoschoeni, Cisto salvifolii-Ulicetum australis lavanduletosum sampaianae, Malcomio trilobae- flymenocarpetum hamosi loeflingietosum baeticae, Ornithopi istlunocarpi-Anthoxantetum ovati and vulpietosutn alopecuroris, Ranunculo peltati-Callitrichetum brutiae, Ranunculo hederacei- Callitrichetum stagnalis. Two syntaxa are lectotypified here: Polypogono tnonspeliensis- Ranunculetum scelerati and Scolymo niaculati-Sylibetum mariani. 13 vegetation series have been recorded: 5 climactic, characterised by Quercus sober and Quercus rotundifolia showing variants with Pious pinea, Olea sylvestris or Quercus broteroi. 8 series are linked to riverside biotopes and respectively characterised by Populus alba, Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor, Alnus glutinosa, Salix pee/ice//ala, Nerium oleander, Tamarix gal lica and Securinega tinctorea. Halophytic vegetation (mosaics) is located in Entremuros near the Doilana marshes and also wetlands with hydrophilic vegetation are spread all over the basin. Soil-xeric permanent vegetation is represented by Genistetum polyanthi. A syntaxonomical scheme, phytosociological tables and one map of the vegetation series are also included.Key words. Flora, vegetation, Phytogeography, Guadiamar river basin, Seville, Huelva, Andalusia, Spain.

scholarly journals Datos sobre la flora y vegetación de la Serranía de Ronda (Málaga)

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 149-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés V. Pérez Latorre ◽  
Patricia Navas ◽  
David Navas ◽  
Yolanda Gil ◽  
Baltasar Cabezudo
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Quercus Pyrenaica ◽  
Juniperus Phoenicea ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
Abies Pinsapo ◽  
Juniperus Sabina ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

Se ha realizado un estudio de la flora y vegetación del Parque Natural de la Sierra de las Nieves (Málaga, España). Como resultado se han catalogado 1400 táxones, de los que en este trabajo destacamos 36, por ser especies protegidas, primeras citas y endémicas de la zona. Se propone una nueva combinación: Ulex baeticus subsp. bourgaeanus. Se han inventariado un total de 78 asociaciones y comunidades. Se describen como nuevos sintáxones una alianza (Pino pinastri-Juniperion phoeniceae), 12 asociaciones, 9 subasociaciones y 1 combinación nueva. Se reconocen 6 series climatófilas de las que dos son de alcornocales (Quercus suber), una de encinares (Quercus rotundifolia), una de robledales (Quercus pyrenaica), una de quejigales (Quema alpestris) y una de sabinares-enebrales (Juniperus sabina). Otras 5 series son edafoxerófilas de las que dos corresponden a pinsapares (Abies pinsapo), dos a sabinares (Juniperus phoenicea) y una a pinares (Pious pinaster). Además reconocemos 5 series edafohigrófilas: 1 de fresnedas (Fraxinus angustifolia), dos de saucedas (Salix pedicellata) y 2 de adelfares (Nerium oleander). Se presenta como resultado final el esquema sintaxonómico completo del Parque.

scholarly journals Distribution, ecology and conservation of an endangered Andean hummingbird: the Violet-throated Metaltail (Metallura baroni)

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
BORIS A. TINOCO ◽  
PEDRO X. ASTUDILLO ◽  
STEVEN C. LATTA ◽  
CATHERINE H. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Maxent Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Guide Field ◽  
South Central ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Endangered Status

SummaryThe Violet-throated MetaltailMetallura baroniis a high altitude hummingbird endemic to south-central Ecuador currently considered globally ‘Endangered’. Here we present the first detailed assessment of its distribution, ecology and conservation. We first used a maximum entropy model (Maxent model) to create a predicted distribution for this species based on very limited species occurrence data. We used this model to guide field surveys for the species between April and October 2006. We found a positive relationship between model values and species presence, indicating that the model was a useful tool to predict species occurrence and guide exploration. In the sites where the metaltail was found we gathered data on its habitat requirements, food resources and behaviour. Our results indicate that Violet-throated Metaltail is restricted to the Western Cordillera of the Andes Mountains in Azuay and Cañar provinces of Ecuador, with an area of extent of less than 2,000 km2. Deep river canyons to the north and south, lack of suitable habitat, and potential interspecific competition in the east may limit the bird's distribution. The species occurred in three distinct habitats, includingPolylepiswoodland, the upper edge of the montane forest, and in shrubby paramo, but we found no difference in relative abundance among these habitats. The metaltail seems to tolerate moderate human intervention in its habitats as long as some native brushy cover is maintained. We found thatBrachyotumsp.,Berberissp., andBarnadesiasp. were important nectar resources. The ‘Endangered’ status of this species is supported due to its restricted distribution in fragmented habitats which are under increasing human pressures.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SALT STATUS OF SOILS IN ARTESIAN SPRINGS IMPACT ZONE OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CASPIAN REGION

1970 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
А. B. Biarslanov ◽  
Z. G. Zalibekov ◽  
Z. U. Gasanova ◽  
P. А. Abdurashidova ◽  
V. А. Zhelnovakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Irreversible Processes ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
The North ◽  
Continental Part ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Experimental Plots

The paper is devoted to soil cover degradation in the northen part of the Republic of Dagestan. Soil degradation is affected by irrational using free flowing underground water of artesians. Intensive extraction of underground water for domestic drinking water supply and pastures watering leads to irreversible processes in the soil cover. The study of salt spreading processes in soils caused by technogenic pressure is mainly considered for humid zone, in arid zone such work was not carried out. In this regard, the aim of the study is to clarify the state of the salt balance of soils for possible technogenic halogenesis under the conditions of a long half-century, continuous impact of artesian sources. The analysis of the territorial spreading of salts is considered on the example of soils of the marine coast and the central part of the Terek-Kuma lowland, represented by varieties of meadow saline and light chestnut soils. Taking into account the conditions of mutual location, experimental plots were selected with reference to artesian sources in the marine coast and in the continental part. Experimental and control sections were laid at experimental plots. Soil samples and artesian water samples were tested for the content of light soluble salts using conventional methods. It was established that under conditions of self-flowing artesian sources the soil of the continental part is characterized by an increased salt content and is 0.26-0.48% according to the profile against the background of the salt content in the samples of control plots – 0.11-0.17%. Coastal soils are characterized by a higher degree of salinization, the influence of mineralized water sources has a desalinization impact. On the test plot the salt content is 0.31–0.51%, in the control plot – 1.22–4.29%.

Famous teachers and educators of the first half of the XX century about the problems of the North Caucasian muslim education.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-222
Author(s):  
Nadezhda O. Bleich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Past Century ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
New Type ◽  
Historical Heritage

The article is devoted to the consideration of the worldview positions of famous educators of the past century regarding the state of school education among Muslims of the North Caucasus region. It is proved that the enlighteners advocated the creation of a new type of national non-class school and the construction of the didactic foundations of the educational process in it. The novelty of the work is that, based on the analysis of the views of the advanced intelligentsia of the region, aimed at understanding the current socio-cultural situation, an attempt was made to scientifically understand the problems and prospects for the development of the Muslim educational system of the past from the point of view of the modern scientific paradigm. The practical significance of the publication lies in expanding the understanding of the system of Mohammedan education in the context of its historical heritage, which will help to comprehend modern problems associated with the reform of general and vocational education in the national Muslim republics.

IV.—On the Waterworks at Goldstone Bottom, Brighton

1886 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
W. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Underground Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
North Western

These works were at first only supplementary to the Lewes Road Works, on the east; but now are the chief source of supply. They were begun in 1865, and are placed in a hollow in the Chalk, in open ground. at the north-western edge of Brighton. This hollow, the bottom of which, I am told, is 30 feet below the lowest part of its rim, is perhaps in itself an evidence of the existence of underground water, being due, most likely, as is usually the case in limestone-districts, to the dissolving away of the rock by underground water and to the consequent sinking-in of the surface. It is an analogous occurrence to the Meres of Norfolk, except that these are generally more or less filled with water, whilst Goldstone Bottom is quite dry at the surface. I may mention that at the time of my visit there was so thick a fog that it was impossible to see the hollow.

IV. Note on syringammina, a new type of arenaceous rhizopoda

1883 ◽  
Vol 35 (224-226) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
Boundary Line ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Cold Area ◽  
Narrow Ridge ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Warm Region

The specimens to which the following note refers were dredged in the Faroë Channel in the autumn of last year, during the cruise of H. M. S. “Triton,” and were sent to me for examination by Mr. John Murray, F. R. S. E., under whose direction the scientific observations of the expedition were carried out. It is now a well-known fact that the region lying between the north coast of Scotland and the Faroë Islands possesses certain features of unusual interest owing to the existence, side by side, of two sharply defined areas, of which the bottom temperature differs to the extent of 16° or 17° Fahr. The depth of the two areas is very similar, ranging from 450 to 640 fathom s, and they are separated by a narrow ridge having an average depth of about 250 fathoms. The physical aspects of this phenomenon have been the subject of much discussion, and the biological conditions attendant thereupon are of almost equal importance; indeed, so far as the Rhizopoda are concerned, there are few areas of the same extent that have so well repaid the labour of investigation. On the 44 "Lightning” Expedition of 1868, supei-intended by Dr. Carpenter and Sir Wyville Thomson, the cold area furnished amongst other interesting organisms, the large Lituoline Foraminifer Reophax sabulosa , a form which has since been obtained near the same point on the cruise of the "Knight Errant," but has never been met with elsewhere. The warm area yielded at the same time Astrorhiza arenaria , a large sandy species previously unknown to British naturalists. On the "Porcupine” Expedition of 1869, another modification of the latter genus, Astrorhiza crassatina was obtained in the cold area; and near the boundary line an entirely new arenaceous type was dredged, to which the generic named Botellina has been assigned by Dr. Carpenter. From the fact that all the specimens of the form appeared more or less broken, it has been inferred that the tests were adherent when living; but the fragments were abundant and consisted of stout tubes, many of them upwards of an inch in length, the interior being subdivided by a labyrinth of irregular sandy partitions. More recently, in 1880, on the cruise of the “K night Errant,” the rare genus Storthosphœra was found in the warm region and in the cold area specimens of Cornusjpira which measured more than an inch in diameter, rivalling in size the finest of the tropical Orbitolites, and therefore amongst the largest known Porcellanoug Foraminifera.

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