scholarly journals La extensión de la Síntesis Biológica y sus implicaciones para la noción de especie

Author(s):  
Guillermo Folguera ◽  
Alfredo Marcos

RESUMENEl debate sobre la noción de especie se viene produciendo en dos planos. En el plano conceptual y en el ontológico. Respecto del primero, se han analizado las ventajas y desventajas de diversos conceptos de especie (biológico, fenético, ecológico, filogenético…). En el plano ontológico se discute si las especies son clases, individuos o algún otro tipo de entidad. Ambos debates has estado marcados durante casi medio siglo por el puesto central que ocupaba el nivel genético. Con la extensión de la síntesis biológica producida en las dos últimas décadas, el gen empieza a perder al lugar central y privilegiado que ocupaba, como causa y explicación de todo fenómeno biológico. Comenzamos ahora a reconocer la importancia ontológica y causal de otros niveles de la jerarquía biológica. Pensamos que este cambio de perspectiva afectará al debate sobre lanoción de especie, tanto en el plano conceptual como en el ontológico. Todavía no estamos en disposición de ofrecer conclusiones cerradas, pero sí de vislumbrar el rumbo que tomará de ahora en adelante el debate de las especies. Estimamos probable que tengamos que convivir indefinidamente con una pluralidad de conceptos de especies. Y en el plano ontológico proponemosun tipo de pluralismo no homogéneo, con reconocimiento de entidad y fuerza causal a los diversos niveles de organización biológica, desde el gen hasta el ecosistema, incluyendo posiblemente la especie, pero no otorgándoles el mismo peso a cada uno.PALABRAS CLAVESCONCEPTO BIOLÓGICO DE ESPECIE, GEN, ESPECIE COMO INDIVIDUOABSTRACTThe debate on the notion of species has been occurring in two realms: conceptual and ontological. Regarding the former, the biologists have analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various concepts of species (biological, phenetic, ecological, phylogenetic...). In the ontological realm, biologists and philosophers have discussed whether species are classes, individuals or some other entity. For nearly half a century, both debates have been marked by the prominent role of the genetic level. With the extension of the biological synthesis produced in the last two decades, the gene begins to lose its privileged place as cause and explanation of every biological phenomenon. We now begin to recognize the importance of other ontological and causal levels along the biological hierarchy. We think that this change of perspective will affect the debate on the notion of species, both in the conceptual and ontological realms. We are not yet able to offer definitive conclusions, but we will shine a light on the future direction of the debate on the notion of species. We estimate that we have probably to live indefinitely with a plurality of concepts of species. And, regarding the ontological plane, we would propose a non-homogeneous pluralism. Probably we will be forced to recognize causal force and ontological weight to entities of various levels, from the gene to the ecosystem, possibly including species, although not according the same weight to each one.KEYWORDSBIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF SPECIES, GEN, SPECIES AS INDIVIDUAl

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Bakhtigaraeva ◽  
A. A. Stavinskaya

The article considers the role of trust in the economy, the mechanisms of its accumulation and the possibility of using it as one of the growth factors in the future. The advantages and disadvantages of measuring the level of generalized trust using two alternative questions — about trusting people in general and trusting strangers — are analyzed. The results of the analysis of dynamics of the level of generalized trust among Russian youth, obtained within the study of the Institute for National Projects in 10 regions of Russia, are presented. It is shown that there are no significant changes in trust in people in general during the study at university. At the same time, the level of trust in strangers falls, which can negatively affect the level of trust in the country as a whole, and as a result have negative effects on the development of the economy in the future. Possible causes of the observed trends and the role of universities are discussed. Also the question about the connection between the level of education and generalized trust in countries with different quality of the institutional environment is raised.


Author(s):  
Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin ◽  
Nor Aiza Mohd Zamil ◽  
Zarina Abdul Salam

This chapter aims to discuss the role of zakat in alleviating poverty and reducing income inequality, specifically in Malaysia. To achieve its objective, this chapter elaborates on the interlinkages between the institution of zakat and Maqasid-al-Shari'ah, deliberate Malaysian zakat institution as well as discuss the strategies and policies implemented by the Malaysia government in poverty eradication and income inequality reduction. Further, this chapter also discusses the role of Malaysian zakat institutions in supporting government poverty eradication and income inequality reduction initiatives. This chapter offers practical help to practitioners in providing a direction for zakat institutions in supporting the daily living of the poor. In addition, this chapter suggests an agenda for the future direction of the zakat institutions.


2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Lloveras ◽  
Lee Quinn

Fragmented marketing debates concerning the role of alternative economies are attributable to the lack of a meaningful macromarketing dimension to which alternative economic practices can be anchored. This research frames an evaluation of existing macromarketing developments aimed at reformulating the mindless pursuit of economic growth. Raising concerns with the treadmill dynamics of marketing systems, three different approaches - green growth, a-growth and degrowth - are critically evaluated to: (a) introduce degrowth as a widely overlooked concept in the macromarketing literature; (b) expose how each perspective entails a specific organization of provisioning activities; and (c) foreground the role of alternative economic practices beyond the growth paradigm. We conclude that socially sustainable degrowth is the missing voice within macromarketing debates that lie central to elucidating the future direction of alternative economic practices.


2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAM RABINOWITZ ◽  
RYAN SHAW ◽  
SARAH BUCHANAN ◽  
PATRICK GOLDEN ◽  
ERIC KANSA

Abstract The PeriodO project seeks to fill a gap in the landscape of digital antiquity through the creation of a Linked Data gazetteer of period definitions that transparently record the spatial and temporal boundaries assigned to a given period by an authoritative source. Our presentation of the PeriodO gazetteer is prefaced by a history of the role of periodization in the study of the past, and an analysis of the difficulties created by the use of periods for both digital data visualization and integration. This is followed by an overview of the PeriodO data model, a description of the platform's architecture, and a discussion of the future direction of the project.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Valerie Higgins

This paper examines the changing attitudes of young Albanian archaeologists to Albania’s archaeological heritage. As Cold War archaeologists retire and are replaced by a generation trained after the fall of communism, this paper asks how their different world perspective will influence the future direction of archaeology. Particular issues that are addressed are the perceived role of the Illyrians in national identity and the willingness of young archaeologists to embrace new types of heritage sites, such as industrial and Cold War archaeology. Examples of the latter are very prominent in the Albanian landscape, but their interpretation and incorporation into the national narrative are still contentious issues for many.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Koichi Yuki ◽  
James A. DiNardo ◽  
Sophia Koutsogiannaki

Perioperative bleeding is one of the major comorbidities associated with surgery. While anesthesia is a critical component to perform surgery, a number of clinical studies supported the contribution of anesthetic drugs to perioperative bleeding. Here, we reviewed the literature on this topic including the underlying mechanism and discussed the future direction on coagulation research in anesthesia.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
M. N. Prokofiev ◽  
E. S. Borisova ◽  
A. V. Vorobyeva

The subject of research is the influence of virtual currencies on the socio- economic development. The purpose of research was to determine the specific features and development prospects of virtual innovation currencies as currencies of the future. The paper analyzes the virtual currency as a phenomenon of the modern payment system. The key characteristics of the crypto currency, their difference from the fiat money, the interrelation with the blockchain technology are indicated. The dynamics of the crypto currency market capitalization is demonstrated by a bitcoin example. The reasons for the attractiveness of the virtual currency for consumers and the growth of its popularity are revealed. The role of the new currency in the development of the world economy is described. The main advantages and disadvantages of the virtual currency as well as the main threats when using it are highlighted. Two opposing views on the future of the crypto currency are considered. As a result, the role of the virtual currency in the socio-economic development of the state is outlined, the prospects for using the currency in question are forecasted, and the factors contributing to its development are listed. It is concluded that virtual currencies established and distributed as a function of time and speed of introduction of scientific and technical achievements in the financial sphere are a technical and economic innovation of the present.


2018 ◽  
pp. 125-142
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Miller

This chapter outlines the major developments in the years 1934 and 1935, as Britain entered a period of planning without spending, and attempting to lay the groundwork for a potential rearmament without physically ordering a great deal of weapons. This involved a protracted debate over the ‘ultimate potential enemy’, including the role of Neville Chamberlain and Maurice Hankey in attempting to impose their will upon the future direction of British policy in light of the rise of Hitler, as well as creating a set of hypotheses upon which rearmament was to be based via the Defence Requirements Committee.


Author(s):  
Pat Pledger

In the last ten years there has been much speculation about the role of e-books and e-book readers. This paper will look at the impact of e-book readers on publishing and reading, the types of e-book readers, their advantages and disadvantages. Some ideas for future e-books and e-book readers and their use in the library and classroom will be discussed, as will the skills that are needed to read e-books. The future of the printed book will be discussed.


Author(s):  
Douglas Huffman ◽  
Kelli Thomas ◽  
James D. Basham

The purpose of this chapter is to describe and explain multiple methods of integrating STEAM into the curriculum for pre-service teachers. The chapter includes both stand-alone modular methods of integration and continuous integration methods that attempt to merge STEAM concepts throughout the curriculum. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, along with the challenges teachers faces as they attempt to integrate STEAM. Recommendations are made along with suggestions for the future direction of STEAM integration as the field becomes more transdisciplinary.


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