The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an updated review

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 633-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota J Reddy ◽  
Manmeet Singh ◽  
Joey R Bangit ◽  
Richard R Batsell
BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n776
Author(s):  
Khurram Nasir ◽  
Miguel Cainzos-Achirica

Abstract First developed in 1990, the Agatston coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is an international guideline-endorsed decision aid for further risk assessment and personalized management in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This review discusses key international studies that have informed this 30 year journey, from an initial coronary plaque screening paradigm to its current role informing personalized shared decision making. Special attention is paid to the prognostic value of a CAC score of zero (the so called “power of zero”), which, in a context of low estimated risk thresholds for the consideration of preventive therapy with statins in current guidelines, may be used to de-risk individuals and thereby inform the safe delay or avoidance of certain preventive therapies. We also evaluate current recommendations for CAC scoring in clinical practice guidelines around the world, and past and prevailing barriers for its use in routine patient care. Finally, we discuss emerging approaches in this field, with a focus on the potential role of CAC informing not only the personalized allocation of statins and aspirin in the general population, but also of other risk-reduction therapies in special populations, such as individuals with diabetes and people with severe hypercholesterolemia.


Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Annie A. Bane ◽  
Peter W. Grandjean

The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of fetuin-A in disease processes prevalent in postmenopausal women and synthesize effective interventions in obtaining healthy fetuin-A levels. A review of databases for articles related to fetuin-A and diseases associated with postmenopausal women was conducted. Articles were limited to full-text access, published in English since 1944. High fetuin-A levels are closely associated with decreased bone mineral density, increased cardiovascular disease risks, impairment of insulin signaling and disruption of adipocyte functioning. Postmenopausal women have increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, insulin-resistance, intra-abdominal fat accumulation and vascular calcification. Low-levels of fetuin-A have been shown to be protective against the latter. The role of fetuin-A is multi-factorial and the mechanisms in which it is involved in each of these processes are vast. The present body of literature is inconsistent in defining high versus low levels of fetuin-A and their association with healthy-matched controls. The diseases associated with high levels of fetuin-A mimic diseases most prevalent in postmenopausal women. In addition, there is no research, to date, exploring fetuin-A levels in postmenopausal women and the associations it may or may not have in related diseases.Key words: fetuin-A; Alpha2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein; cardiovascular disease; and elderly, insulin-resistance, intra-abdominal fat, metabolic syndrome, exercise, weight-loss, calorie restriction and postmenopausal.Resumen. El propósito de esta revisión es sintetizar el papel de la fetuina A en los procesos de enfermedad prevalentes en mujeres posmenopáusicas y resumir las intervenciones efectivas que permiten obtener niveles saludables de fetuina A. Para ello, se revisaron bases de datos con artículos relacionados con fetuina A y las enfermedades asociadas con mujeres posmenopáusicas. La búsqueda de artículos se limitó a aquellos de texto completo publicados en el idioma inglés desde el año 1944. Se encontró que altos niveles de fetuina A están íntimamente relacionados con una reducción de la densidad mineral ósea, un aumento en el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, deterioro de la señalización de la insulina y la alteración del funcionamiento de los adipocitos. Las mujeres posmenopáusicas tienen un mayor riesgo de osteoporosis, enfermedad cardiovascular, resistencia a la insulina, acumulación de grasa intra abdominal y calcificación vascular. Se ha demostrado que niveles bajos de fetuina A son protectores contra esta última condición. El papel de fetuina A es multifactorial y los mecanismos en los que está involucrado en cada uno de estos procesos son muy amplios. El estado actual de la literatura no es consistente en la definición de niveles de fetuina A altos versus bajos y su asociación con controles sanos. Las enfermedades asociadas con altos niveles de fetuina A asemejan las enfermedades más prevalentes en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Además, no existen investigaciones, hasta la fecha, en las que se   exploren los niveles de fetuina A en mujeres posmenopáusicas y las asociaciones que puede o no puede tener en las enfermedades relacionadas.Palabras claves: fetuina A, glicoproteína Alpha2-Heremans-Schmid, enfermedad cardiovascular, adulto mayor, resistencia a la insulina, grasa intra abdominal, síndrome metabólico, ejercicio, pérdida de peso, restricción calórica, posmenopausia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Amalia-Despoina Koutsogianni ◽  
Evangelos Liberopoulos ◽  
Alexandros D. Tselepis

Over the past few years, there has been an undiminished interest on lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. High Lp(a) levels have been proposed as an independent causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The main question that remains to be answered, however, is the potential clinical benefit of Lp(a) reduction. This will contribute to the enrichment of our knowledge on the exact pathophysiological role of this lipoprotein. This narrative review aims to summarize currently available data on the structure, metabolism, and pathogenicity of Lp(a).


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