Effects of handling and storage on potassium concentration in plasma and serum samples obtained from cats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Briana M. Domenegato ◽  
Etienne Côté ◽  
Deepmala Agarwal ◽  
M. Lynne O’Sullivan ◽  
Elaine D. Reveler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Serum Potassium Concentration ◽  
Median Baseline

OBJECTIVE To compare potassium concentrations in feline plasma and serum samples analyzed promptly after collection or after 20 to 28 hours of refrigerated storage. ANIMALS 41 cats. PROCEDURES A venous blood sample was obtained from each cat. Aliquots were placed in 2 tubes without anticoagulant (blood was allowed to clot to derive serum) and 2 tubes with heparin (to derive plasma). One serum and 1 plasma sample were kept at room temperature and analyzed within 60 minutes after collection (baseline); the other serum and plasma samples were analyzed after 20 to 28 hours of refrigerated storage. At both time points, serum and plasma potassium concentrations were measured. RESULTS Median baseline serum potassium concentration (4.3 mmol/L) was significantly higher than median baseline plasma potassium concentration (4.1 mmol/L). The median difference between those values was 0.4 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.5 mmol/L). Compared with their respective baseline measurements, the median serum plasma concentration (4.8 mmol/L) and median plasma potassium concentration (4.6 mmol/L) were higher after 20 to 28 hours of refrigeration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that with regard to potassium concentration in feline blood samples, clotting or refrigerated storage for 20 to 28 hours results in a significant artifactual increase. Detection of an unexpectedly high potassium concentration in a cat may represent pseudohyperkalemia, especially if the blood sample was placed in a no-additive tube, was stored for 20 to 28 hours prior to analysis, or both.

scholarly journals Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. McKenney ◽  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
James E. Deal ◽  
Julie A. Garden-Robinson ◽  
Yeong S. Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise. Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity = 1.009 ± 0.005). Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature = 21°C, relative humidity = 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume. Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1 (144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1 (4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

scholarly journals A paradigmatic case of haemolysis and pseudohyperkalemia in blood gas analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Gian Luca Salvagno ◽  
Davide Demonte ◽  
Giuseppe Lippi
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
History Of

A 51-year old male patient was admitted to the hospital with acute dyspnea and history of chronic asthma. Venous blood was drawn into a 3.0 mL heparinized syringe and delivered to the laboratory for blood gas analysis (GEM Premier 4000, Instrumentation Laboratory), which revealed high potassium value (5.2 mmol/L; reference range on whole blood, 3.5-4.5 mmol/L). This result was unexpected, so that a second venous blood sample was immediately drawn by direct venipuncture into a 3.5 mL lithium-heparin blood tube, and delivered to the laboratory for repeating potassium testing on Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics). The analysis revealed normal plasma potassium (4.6 mmol/L; reference range in plasma, 3.5-5.0 mmol/L) and haemolysis index (5; 0.05 g/L). Due to suspicion of spurious haemolysis, heparinized blood was transferred from syringe into a plastic tube and centrifuged. Potassium and haemolysis index were then measured in this heparinized plasma, confirming high haemolysis index (50; 0.5 g/L) and pseudohyperkalemia (5.5 mmol/L). Investigation of this case revealed that spurious haemolysis was attributable to syringe delivery in direct ice contact for ~15 min. This case emphasizes the importance of avoiding sample transportation in ice and the need of developing point of care analysers equipped with interference indices assessment.

scholarly journals Kidney Is Essential for Blood Pressure Modulation by Dietary Potassium

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Tong Su ◽  
Chao-Ling Yang ◽  
David H. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Reduce Blood Pressure ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Potassium ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Extracellular Potassium Concentration

Abstract Eating more potassium may reduce blood pressure and the occurrence of other cardiovascular diseases by actions on various systems, including the vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system, systemic metabolism, and body fluid volume. Among these, the kidney plays a major role in the potassium-rich diet–mediated blood pressure reduction. Purpose of Review To provide an overview of recent discoveries about the mechanisms by which a potassium-rich diet leads to natriuresis. Recent Findings Although the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a short part of the nephron that reabsorbs salt, via the sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC), it is highly sensitive to changes in plasma potassium concentration. Activation or inhibition of NCC raises or lowers blood pressure. Recent work suggests that extracellular potassium concentration is sensed by the DCT via intracellular chloride concentration which regulates WNK kinases in the DCT. Summary High-potassium diet targets NCC in the DCT, resulting in natriuresis and fluid volume reduction, which are protective from hypertension and other cardiovascular problems.

Early increase of plasma potassium in hyperventilation

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique S. Blesa ◽  
Norberto C. González ◽  
Horacio E. Cingolani
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Peripheral Venous Blood ◽  
Potassium Release ◽  
Early Increase

Plasma potassium concentration was determined in arterial and in portal, hepatic, and peripheral venous blood during acute respiratory alkalemia. It was found that passive hyperventilation produces an increase in plasma potassium, reaching peak values after 15 min. The hyperkalemia is due to potassium release in the prehepatic splanchnic territory. The liver apparently plays no part in producing it, while muscular territories take up potassium.

Effects of changes in electrical potential difference on tubular potassium transport

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (3) ◽  
pp. F235-F246 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Garcia-Filho ◽  
G. Malnic ◽  
G. Giebisch
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Potential Drop ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Transepithelial Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potassium Secretion

To assess directly the role of the transepithelial potential difference (PD) on potassium concentration differences across distal tubular epithelium, continuous and stationary microperfusion experiments were done in tubules voltage-clamped over a wide range of lumen-negative potentials. Potassium was measured either chemically or in situ by potassium-sensitive microelectrodes. Distal cell PD measurements show that most of the potential drop induced by luminal current injection occurred across the luminal cell membrane. Experiments were done in rats either on a control or on a high potassium diet and after amiloride administration. Luminal potassium was highly sensitive to imposed electrical potential changes, attainment of a new steady-state intraluminal potassium concentration was rapid (less than 1 s), and higher luminal potassium concentrations were observed in animals in which potassium secretion had been stimulated. Similar slopes of tubular fluid-to-plasma potassium ratios versus transepithelial potential differences were observed in all experiments. All slopes intersected, at zero PD, at a luminal tubular fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio in excess of unity, indicating the presence of an active component of potassium secretion.

Spurious elevation of serum potassium concentration measured in samples with thrombocytosis

Diagnosis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Roccaforte ◽  
Massimo Daves ◽  
Adawiya Alfreijat ◽  
Monica Riva ◽  
Maria Leitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Serum Potassium Concentration ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

AbstractSeveral factors that can lead to falsely elevated values of serum. Thrombocytosis is one of these factors, since breakage or activation of platelets during blood coagulation in vitro may lead to spurious release of potassium. The purpose of the study was to evaluate to which extent the platelet count may impact on potassium in both serum and plasma.The study population consisted of 42 subjects with platelets values comprised between 20 and 750×10Significant differences were found between potassium values in serum and in plasma. A significant correlation was also observed between serum potassium values and the platelet count in whole blood, but not with the age, sex, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts in whole blood. No similar correlation was noticed between plasma potassium and platelet count in whole blood. The frequency of hyperkalemia was also found to be higher in serum (20%) than in plasma (7%) in samples with a platelet count in whole blood >450×10The results of this study show that platelets in the biological samples may impact on potassium measurement when exceeding 450×10

scholarly journals FRI0596 NOVEL AUTOANTIBODY BIOMARKERS FOR THE PREDICTION OF THERAPY RESPONSE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 904.1-904
Author(s):  
P. Vandormael ◽  
A. Pues ◽  
E. Sleurs ◽  
P. Verschueren ◽  
V. Somers
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
First Line ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Disease Remission ◽  
Antibody Reactivity

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joint synovium and presence of autoantibodies in most patients. For RA, many treatments are currently available but each treatment will only induce disease remission in a subset of patients. Moreover, finding out which patients respond well to first-line therapy with classical synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), still largely depends on trial and error.Objectives:In this study, we aim to find novel RA autoantibody biomarkers that predict therapy response to csDMARDs before the initiation of treatment.Methods:In the CareRA trial, a Flemish multicenter study of different treatment regimes, serum samples were collected from RA patients that did or did not show disease remission (DAS28(CRP)<2.6) in response to csDMARDs, combined with a step down glucocorticoid treatment. In our study, baseline samples, collected before the start of treatment, were used to determine predictive antibody reactivity. A cDNA phage display library, representing the antigens from RA synovial tissue, was constructed and screened for antibody reactivity in baseline serum samples of RA patients that failed to reach remission at week 16. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), antibody reactivity against the identified antigens was initially determined in pooled baseline serum samples of RA patients that did (n=50) or did not (n=40) reach disease remission at week 16. Antigenic targets that showed increased antibody reactivity in pools from patients that did not reach disease remission, were further validated in individual serum samples of 69 RA patients that did not reach DAS28(CRP) remission at week 16, and 122 RA patients that did.Results:Screening and validation of antibody reactivity resulted in 41 novel antigens. The retrieved antigenic sequences correspond to (parts of) known proteins and to randomly formed peptides. A panel of 3 of these peptide antigens could be composed, whose baseline antibody reactivity correlated with lack of therapy response at week 16. Presence of antibodies against at least one of these 3 antigens was significantly higher in individual samples of RA patients that did not reach DAS28(CRP) remission (43 vs. 29%, p=0.041), or that failed to reach ACR 70 (42 vs. 26%, p=0.029) response criteria at week 16, compared to RA patients that did reach these respective criteria. In addition, RA patients which were positive for this antibody panel at baseline, also showed less DAS(CRP) remission at week 4 and week 8.Conclusion:We have identified a set of 3 antibody biomarkers that can predict failure of early disease remission after first-line RA therapy, which might contribute to personalized medicine decisions.Disclosure of Interests:Patrick Vandormael: None declared, Astrid Pues: None declared, Ellen Sleurs: None declared, Patrick Verschueren Grant/research support from: Pfizer unrestricted chair of early RA research, Speakers bureau: various companies, Veerle Somers Grant/research support from: Research grant from Pfizer and BMS

scholarly journals Correcting hypokalaemia in a paediatric patient with Bartter syndrome through oral dose of potassium chloride intravenous solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2110197
Author(s):  
Salman Alasfour ◽  
Haya S Alfailakawi ◽  
Yousif A Shamsaldeen
Keyword(s):  
Paediatric Patient ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Nasogastric Tube ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Bartter Syndrome ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Serum Potassium Concentration ◽  
Main Challenge

Bartter syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypokalaemia. Hypokalaemia is defined as low serum potassium concentration ˂3.5 mmol/L, which may lead to arrhythmia and death if left untreated. The aim of this case report was to normalize serum potassium concentration without the need for intravenous intervention. A 5-month-old male of 2.7 kg body weight diagnosed with Bartter syndrome was admitted to the general paediatric ward with acute severe hypokalaemia and urinary tract infection. The main challenge was the inability to administer drugs through intravenous route due to compromised body size. Therefore, we shifted the route of administration to the nasogastric tube/oral route. A total of 2 mL of concentrated intravenous potassium chloride (4 mEq potassium) were dissolved in distilled water and administered through nasogastric tube. Serum potassium concentration was rapidly normalized, which culminated in patient discharge. In conclusion, shifting drug administration from intravenous to oral route in a paediatric patient with Bartter syndrome includes numerous advantages such as patient convenience, minimized risk of cannula-induced infection, and reduced nurse workload.

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