Ocular findings in cats with blastomycosis: 19 cases (1978–2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Morris ◽  
Alex B. Sigmund ◽  
Daniel A. Ward ◽  
Diane V. H. Hendrix
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Uveitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Ocular Involvement ◽  
Ocular Abnormalities ◽  
Ocular Findings ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Abstract OBJECTIVE To document ocular findings in cats with blastomycosis. ANIMALS 35 cats with blastomycosis. PROCEDURES Medical records from 1978 through 2019 were reviewed to identify cats with confirmed Blastomyces infection. Cats were grouped as having or not having ocular involvement. Clinical signs, histopathologic findings, and response to treatment were evaluated. RESULTS 21 of the 35 (60%) cats with confirmed blastomycosis had ocular abnormalities. Two of 21 cats with ocular abnormalities also had systemic hypertension and were excluded. Of the remaining 19 cats, 15 (79%) had bilateral ocular signs. Ten (53%) cats had inflammatory ocular lesions, and 9 (47%) had neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities. Six of the 19 (32%) cats appeared to be completely blind, and 5 (26%) appeared to be unilaterally blind. For the 10 cats with inflammatory ocular lesions, the most common lesions were anterior uveitis (9/20 eyes), active chorioretinitis (6/20 eyes), and retinal detachment (4/20 eyes). For the 9 cats with neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities, the most common abnormalities were a negative menace or tracking response (10/18 eyes) and negative pupillary light response (4/18 eyes). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that ocular involvement is common in cats with blastomycosis and that both inflammatory lesions and neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities can be seen. Blastomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for cats with anterior uveitis, posterior segment inflammation, or neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities, and a complete ophthalmic examination should be performed in all cats with confirmed or suspected blastomycosis.

scholarly journals The clinical spectrum of ocular bartonellosis: a retrospective study at a tertiary centre in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Shi-Ying Tey ◽  
Gayathri Govindasamy ◽  
Francesca Martina Vendargon
Keyword(s):  
Hand Movement ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Final Visit ◽  
Ocular Involvement ◽  
Exudative Retinal Detachment ◽  
Tertiary Centre ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Ocular Findings ◽  
Clinical Records

Abstract Background Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a systemic illness caused by the gram-negative bacillus, Bartonella henselea, which can occasionally involve the ocular structures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the various clinical presentations of ocular bartonellosis at our institution. A retrospective review of the clinical records of 13 patients (23 eyes) with ocular manifestations of Bartonella infections over a 3-year period between January 2016 to December 2018 was undertaken at our institution. Results The diagnosis was made based on clinical findings and in addition, with the support of the evidence of Bartonella hensalae IgG and/or IgM. Small retinal white lesions were the most common ocular findings in this series of patients (82.6% of eyes, 76.9% of patients). Neuroretinitis was the second most common finding (47.8% of eyes, 69.2% of patients), followed by exudative retinal detachment involving the macula (34.8% of eyes, 53.8% of patients) and Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome (17.4% of eyes, 23.1% of patients). Other findings like isolated optic disc oedema without macular star (8.7% of eyes, 15.4% of patients) and vitritis (4.3% of eyes, 7.7% of patients) were also observed. Ten patients (76.9%) had bilateral ocular involvement. Most of the patients were young, immunocompetent and had systemic symptoms like fever prior to their ocular symptoms. The visual acuity (VA) at initial presentation ranged from 6/6 to hand movement (mean, 6/20), and at final visit 6/6 to 6/60, (mean, 6/9). 91.7% of patients were treated with antibiotics. Only 2 patients received oral corticosteroids together with antibiotics due to very poor vision on presentation. The visual prognosis of ocular bartonellosis is generally good with 16 (88.9%) of 23 eyes having VA of 6/12 or better at final follow-up visit. Conclusion Small foci of retinal white lesions were the most common manifestation of ocular bartonellosis in this series, followed by neuroretinitis, though an array of other ocular findings may also occur. Therefore, we should consider bartonella infection as a possible differential diagnosis in those patients.

Phlegmonous gastritis in 2 yearling horses

2022 ◽  
pp. 104063872110650
Author(s):  
Julie B. Engiles ◽  
Francisco A. Uzal ◽  
Mauricio A. Navarro ◽  
Virginia B. Reef ◽  
Susan J. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Mucosal Injury ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy ◽  
Mucosal Involvement ◽  
Phlegmonous Gastritis ◽  
History Of

Phlegmonous gastritis was diagnosed in 2 yearling fillies that were presented with a 1-wk history of fever, lethargy, and hypoproteinemia, associated with a previous diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy based on clinical signs and PCR assay detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in fecal samples. Abdominal ultrasound revealed enlargement of the stomach and expansion of its submucosal layer with hypoechoic fluid, as well as thickened hypomotile small intestinal segments. Given the poor prognosis and poor response to treatment, both horses were euthanized, one on the day of presentation and the other after 3 wk of intensive medical management including a combination of antimicrobials, analgesics, and intravenous colloids. At autopsy, acute mural gastritis characterized by severe submucosal edema with suppurative inflammation (i.e., phlegmonous gastritis) and necroulcerative enteritis compatible with the necrotizing form of equine proliferative enteropathy were identified in both horses. The gastric inflammation was associated with thrombosis and mixed bacterial populations, including Clostridium perfringens, that were confined to the submucosa without evidence of mucosal involvement; toxin genes compatible with C. perfringens type C were identified in one case. Human phlegmonous gastritis is an uncommon, often-fatal pyogenic infection that is often associated with mucosal injury, bacteremia, or immunocompromise. Our finding of this unusual gastric lesion in 2 horses with similar signalment, clinical disease, and spectrum of postmortem lesions suggests a similar etiopathogenesis that possibly involves local, regional, or distant hematogenous origin, and should be considered a potential complication of gastrointestinal mucosal compromise in horses.

Lesions of the Biceps Tendon Diagnosis and Classification

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bardet
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Shoulder Arthroscopy ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Adhesive Capsulitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Biceps Tendon Rupture

SummaryThis paper presents the clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic findings in 23 dogs and a cat having a lesion of the biceps tendon. Several conditions were recognized: partial or complete rupture; avulsion of the biceps tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle, tendinitis, mid-substance tear, bipartite tendon, dislocations and tenosynovitis of the bicipital tendon. Osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint was seen in 84% of the cases and osteophytosis of the bicipital groove was recognized in 38%. Biceps tendon rupture was associated with shoulder joint instability 76% of the time. Shoulder arthroscopy is a very reliable diagnostic method allowing direct visualization of intra-articular pathologies.In man, the tendon of the biceps brachii is the proverbial stepchild of the shoulder. It has been blamed for numerous painful conditions of the shoulder from arthritis to adhesive capsulitis. Kessell described the tendon as “somewhat of a maverick, easy to inculpate but difficult to condemn (1). Its function has been often misunderstood. It has been tenodesed, translocated, pulled through drill holes in the humeral head, and debrided with an arthroscope, oftentimes with marginal results”. Lippmann likened the biceps tendon to the appendix: “An unimportant vestigial structure unless something goes wrong with it” (2). Neer II has stressed the fact that 95 to 98 per cent of patients with a diagnosis of biceps tendinitis have, in reality, a primary diagnosis of impingement syndrome with secondary involvement of the biceps tendon (3). He has condemned routine biceps tenodesis.The veterinary literature on the biceps tendon in dogs is sparse (4-8). Tenosynovitis of the biceps tendon is “a common cause of forelimb lameness in medium and large breed dogs” (7). “Definitive diagnosis of bicipital tenosynovitis is often not possible, and the diagnosis is backed into by eliminating other causes of lameness. Proof of the diagnosis often depends on response to treatment” (7). There are not any reviews of cases of rupture of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle except for anecdotal case reports (7). Arthrography has been described as diagnostic of rupture (10, 11). Calcifying tendinopathy of the biceps tendon was seen on radiographic views of the scapulohumeral joint in four dogs (9). Twodimensional real-time ultrasonography was found helpful in the diagnosis of strain of the infraspinatus muscle in a dog (12).This paper reviews the pertinent anatomy, explains the function of the biceps tendon, and presents a review of current concepts on the diagnosis of lesions of the biceps tendon.The author presents the clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic finding of the disorders of the biceps tendon seen in 25 shoulders. All biceps tendon lesions may be classified in one of the six subtypes. Partial or complete tears are the most frequent pathology. Degenerative joint disease is seen in 84% of the shoulders.

scholarly journals Ocular abnormalities in Polish Hunting Dogs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258636
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Balicki ◽  
Małgorzata Goleman ◽  
Agnieszka Balicka
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Progressive Retinal Atrophy ◽  
Ocular Abnormalities ◽  
Retinal Lesions ◽  
Retinal Layers ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Interdigitation Zone ◽  
Sd Oct

This study aimed to describe and determine the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in Polish Hunting Dogs. The study was conducted with 193 Polish Hunting Dogs: 101 female and 92 male animals, aged between 3 months and 12 years. Ophthalmic examinations were performed using slit lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and tonometry based on the ophthalmological protocol for the examination of hereditary eye diseases. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed for dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), while electroretinography was also performed in dogs with SARDS. Five dogs (2.6%) were diagnosed with cataract, iris coloboma in 3 dogs (1.6%), ocular dermoid in 1 dog (0.5%), and retinal dysplasia, distichiasis and entropion in 1 dog (1%). Three dogs (1.6%) were diagnosed with PRA and SARDS occurred in 1 dog. Retinal lesions was observed in 16 dogs (8.3%). The clinical signs of retinopathy observed in Polish Hunting Dogs included discoloration of the tapetal fundus, patchy increased reflectivity in the region of discoloration, focus of hyperpigmentation and an area of tapetal hyper-reflectivity with a pigmented center. SD-OCT performed in the 3 dogs with PRA revealed alteration in the retinal layers, which was most advanced in the non-tapetal fundus. Although SD-OCT revealed retinal layers with normal architecture only in some parts of the dorsal, nasal and temporal regions in dogs with SARDS, areas of disorganized external limiting membrane, myeloid zone, ellipsoid zone, outer photoreceptor segment and interdigitation zone were also observed. Polish Hunting Dogs should undergo periodic ophthalmological examination for the evaluation of other hereditary eye diseases. The prevalence of retinal lesions in Polish Hunting Dogs requires further research.

scholarly journals T-cell Lymphoma in the Nasal Cavity in Goat

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millena Oliveira Firmino ◽  
Ismael Lira Borges ◽  
Gian Libânio Da Silveira ◽  
Mikael Leandro Duarte De Lima Tolentino ◽  
Erika de Lourdes Gomes Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
T Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Ocular Involvement ◽  
The Right

Background: Lymphomas are considered uncommon in goats, being the multicentric form with the highest number of cases for the species. Primary intranasal lymphomas are often diagnosed in dogs, cats, and humans. In the literature, there is only a description of a multicentric case involving the frontal sinuses and mucosa of the nasal cavity in a goat; therefore, it is important to describe unusual cases of this disease for the inclusion of new clinical and pathological characteristics in the ruminant clinic medicine. The objective of this work is to describe a case of T-cell lymphoma in the nasal cavity of a young goat.Case: The animal had dyspnea and respiratory noise for 15 days. Clinical examination showed nodulation in the right nasal cavity associated with serosanguinous secretion. Tracheostomy was performed; however, after 30 days the animal was euthanized. A sagittal plane of the head showed a pinkish-gray mass in the right and left nasal cavity, with a smooth, multilobulated surface, smooth adhering to the rostral portion of the dorsal concha and occluding the dorsal nasal meatus. Submandibular lymph nodes were slightly enlarged. Histopathological examination of the nasal cavity revealed a non-encapsulated, poorly delimited and ulcerated tumor composed of round cells arranged in a mantle supported by a discrete fibrovascular stroma extending the mucosa and lamina propria. Cells were round with sparse, eosinophilic and poorly delimited cytoplasm. Nuclei varied from round to elongated with condensed chromatin and evident nucleoli. Occasionally, aberrant nuclei, reniform shape and multinucleated cells were seen. Pleomorphism was moderate characterized by anisocytosis and anisocariosis. Typical and atypical mitosis were frequent (0-4 per field of highest magnification [400x]). Amidst the neoplasm, there were multifocal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage associated with a mild lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry showed positive immunostaining for Vimentin antibodies and CD3, and negative for pan CK and CD20.Discussion: The lymphomas immunophenotyping is little used when it comes to farm animals, and there are few studies that use this technique for the definitive diagnosis of these neoplasms for small ruminants. The use of this technique must be considered in each case, in order to determine the pathogenesis, the accurate diagnosis and the origin of the neoplastic lymphocytes. In goats, T-cell lymphomas are the most diagnosed, although cases of multicentric B-cell lymphomas with ocular involvement have been diagnosed. In view of the clinical picture of the case described, infectious rhinitis already described in goats, such as aspergillosis and protothecosis, should be included as differential diagnoses. However, the anatomopathological findings facilitate the direction of the diagnosis, since infectious rhinitis presents as nodules / ulcerated masses or focal areas of necrosis associated with purulent secretion and in the histopathological examination it is possible to observe the intralesional etiological agents. In addition, the enzootic ethmoidal tumor must be included, as it has similar clinical signs and affects young animals, but they are adenomas/adenocarcinomas that affect the ethmoidal nasal shells induced by a retrovirus. Lymphomas in the caprine species are rare in the Northeastern semi-arid, but that in the present diagnostic routine occasionally occurs, being important the first description of its nasal shape for its inclusion in the differential diagnoses of diseases that present with clinical obstruction and dyspnea for the species. Keywords: hematopoietic neoplasia, immunophenotyping, lymphocytes, dyspnea.Descritores: neoplasia hematopoietica, imunofenotipagem, linfócitos, dispneia.Título: Linfoma de células T na cavidade nasal de caprino. 

Lens and Anterior Uvea

2022 ◽  
pp. 359-392
Keyword(s):  
Macular Edema ◽  
Anterior Uveitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Intravitreal Triamcinolone ◽  
Keratic Precipitates ◽  
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Injection

This chapter illustrates photos of clinical signs seen in uveitis and interesting cases of lens pathologies. Anterior uveitis is the inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. Anterior uveitis can be idiopathic, isolated, or associated with systemic diseases. The clinical findings observed in anterior uveitis include keratic precipitates, inflammatory cells and flare in anterior chamber, hypopyon, rarely hyphema, miosis, iris nodules and atrophy, synechiae, and band keratopathy in chronic cases (shown in corneal degenerations chapter). The inflammation in anterior uveitis is almost always immune. Treatment includes steroid eye drops, cycloplegic drops, sub-Tenon steroid injections when cystoid macular edema is present. Chronic macular edema can be treated with intravitreal Triamcinolone injection and Dexamethasone implants. In cases of refractory anterior uveitis or associated immune systemic diseases, immunomodulatory treatment or biologic agents are prescribed.

Chronic heart failure diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and the ECG

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1758-1762
Author(s):  
Pardeep S. Jhund
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Cardiac Resynchronization ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Third Heart Sound ◽  
Therapeutic Decision Making ◽  
Heart Failure Diagnosis

The clinical history aims to elicit the symptoms that are commonly experienced by patients with heart failure such as dyspnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, orthopnoea, and fatigue. The history may also provide clues as to the aetiology of heart failure and symptoms that suggest alternative diagnoses. Similarly, signs that are elicited on clinical examination are used to support the diagnosis of heart failure. In addition, they can be used to determine prognosis and assess response to treatment or the need for more intensive treatment. Common signs such as peripheral oedema, jugular venous distension, and pulmonary crackles are less specific for the diagnosis of heart failure than others such as a third heart sound. The presence of some clinical signs may help determine the aetiology of heart failure and indicate other potential diagnoses that may present like heart failure but require very different treatment. While signs and symptoms are used in conjunction with imaging evidence and raised natriuretic peptides to make the diagnosis of heart failure, the electrocardiogram (ECG) still plays a central role. The ECG can be used to determine underlying aetiology (such as evidence of prior myocardial infarction) and guide therapeutic decision-making such as the need for cardiac resynchronization therapy in those with bundle branch block. Information on symptoms, signs, and investigations such as the ECG need to be integrated to ensure the accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment of patients with heart failure.

scholarly journals Initial Presentation of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis with Ocular Lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Edward J. Quinlan ◽  
Veenu Gill
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Therapy ◽  
Ocular Inflammation ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
Ocular Involvement ◽  
Timely Initiation ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Loss Of Vision ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Systemic Symptoms

Ocular involvement with disseminated coccidiodal infection is rare. Even rarer is a patient presenting with symptomatic chorioretinitis first, followed weeks later by systemic symptoms of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. This highlights the need for physicians to have a heightened suspicion for testing for valley fever in patients living in endemic regions who present with ocular inflammation so that rapid and timely initiation of antifungal therapy may prevent loss of vision.

scholarly journals Hypertensive ocular disease in cats: A guide to fundic lesions to facilitate early diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Carter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ocular Disease ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Mild Hypertensive

Practical relevance: Systemic hypertension is common in older cats and can result in damage to organs with a rich arteriolar supply such as the eyes, kidneys, myocardium and brain. Hypertensive disease in these organs is known as target organ damage (TOD). Disease in the eye resulting from hypertension is the most easily identifiable form of TOD and can often be the reason the cat is presented to the veterinarian. Routine blood pressure measurement and fundic examination allows cats with hypertensive ocular lesions to be detected early in the course of the disease, when the lesions have the best chance of responding to treatment. Clinical challenges: Detecting early evidence of TOD in the fundus requires a veterinarian to be competent in recognising lesions associated with mild hypertensive disease, as well as the more easily recognised advanced lesions that frequently result in impaired vision and blindness. Audience: This review is written for all veterinarians who treat cats. It provides information and images to facilitate and guide veterinarians performing fundoscopy in cats, in particular in those over 7 years of age, with the aim of diagnosing hypertensive ocular lesions when they are present. Equipment: The clinical manifestations of hypertensive ocular disease can be detected non-invasively with inexpensive equipment. A summary of the equipment available for general practitioners to perform fundoscopy is provided. Evidence base: This is a comprehensive review of the literature on hypertensive ocular disease in cats. The author has also included images of hypertensive ocular lesions taken in general practice to highlight the variety of lesions that can be detected.

Viral Acute Anterior Uveitis: Clinical Signs Useful for Differential Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Massimo Accorinti ◽  
Luigi Petitti ◽  
Aurelia Gaeta ◽  
Daniela Giannini ◽  
Daniele De Geronimo
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Anterior Uveitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acute Anterior Uveitis
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