Response Rate and Subjective Estimates of Attitude Statements

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-834
Author(s):  
William W. Rambo ◽  
Wesley S. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Equal Interval ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Subjective Estimates

57 Ss scaled 20 statements which expressed attitudes toward labor unions. The scaling task required S to first judge to which half of a continuum, ranging from favorable to unfavorable, the statement belonged. By regulating rate of tapping a telegraph key which referred to the chosen segment of the scale, S indicated the distance between the statement and the neutral origin of the scale. The statements were also scaled by 53 Ss who followed a conventional successive-intervals procedure. An r of .94 was reported between scale values obtained from the two scaling procedures. Evidence concerning equal-interval properties and inter-rater agreement for the continuous response scale is presented.

scholarly journals Ensemble perception: extracting the average of perceptual vs numerical stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mitrani Rosenbaum ◽  
Vincent de Gardelle ◽  
Marius Usher
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Ensemble Perception ◽  
Temporal Sequences ◽  
Gabor Elements

Recent research has established that humans can extract average of perceptual features from sets of briefly and simultaneously presented elements or the average of rapid temporal sequences of numerical values. Here we compare the extraction of the average of simultaneously presented sets of perceptual features (orientations) and of numerical values (1-9 digits), using an identical experimental design. Arrays of Gabor elements or digits are simultaneously presented for 300 ms and the observers are required to estimate the average on a continuous response scale. In each trial the elements were sampled from normal distributions (of various means) and we varied the set-size (4-12), in order to compare the averaging mechanism in terms of its efficiency or capacity (the number of items one can pool from). We find that while for orientation the averaging precision remained constant with set-size, for numbers it decreased with set-size. Using computational modeling we extracted capacity parameters. Despite marked heterogeneity between the observers, the capacity was larger for orientations compared with numbers (which was close to WM-limitation of 3-4). This supports the idea that numbers more than perceptual features are subject to attentional limitations at encoding.

Impact of Course of Therapy on Response Rate and Duration with the Bexxar® Therapeutic Regimen (Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab) and with Chemotherapy.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 132-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Leonard ◽  
Andrew D. Zelentz ◽  
Julie M. Vose ◽  
Mark S. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Median Duration ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Bone Marrow Involvement ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bulky Disease ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Duration Of Response

Abstract Low grade NHL with or without transformation is characterized by recurrence. Initial response rates with chemotx are high, but all patients ultimately relapse, and the response rates and durations of response typically decline with each subsequent course of chemotx. In the pivotal trial of Bexxar (JCO 19:3918 2001) there were significantly more patients with longer durations of response than after their last qualifying chemotx. The aim of the current retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of Bexxar and prior chemotx by course of treatment in a larger group of patients. Response rates (RR) and duration of response data were available from the treatment histories of the 230 patients from five clinical studies. Demographics: median age, 56 years; age > 60, 34%; median number of prior regimens, 3 (range 1–13); bone marrow involvement, 48%; bulky disease, 32%; transformed histology 28%; IPI score ≥ 2, 81%; and refractory to their preceding regimen, 80%. The patient-specific dosing regimen for Bexxar was previously described (JCO 19:3918). RR and durations for chemotx used as the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and >6th treatment were compared to Bexxar for the same numerical treatment. At each successive treatment course, there was a consistently higher RR and duration of response after Bexxar than after chemotx (Table). The actual differences in RR may be greater, as the data for Bexxar are based on responses observed on at least 2 evaluations >4 weeks apart, as assessed by an independent, blinded Masked Independent Randomized Radiology and Oncology (MIRROR) panel. The reported RR for chemotx are based on Investigator-assessed unconfirmed responses. Of note, the % responding pts in continuous response at ≥ five year after receiving Bexxar for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and >6th relapse were 41%, 21%, 25%, 35%, 36 and 9%, respectively. While RR decreased with number of prior therapies, the durations of response and percent in continuous response after Bexxar were substantial and consistent across the range of the number of prior therapies. Treatment/Regimen Number Chemotx Bexxar n Response Rate (Unconfirmed) Median Duration of Response (months) n Response Rate (Confirmed) Median Duration of Response (months) 2 183 51% 8.0 27 74% 14.4 3 145 52% 5.0 44 64% 47.2 4 98 45% 5.0 54 52% 10.8 5 45 40% 4.0 48 54% 11.0 6 33 36% 4.0 21 52% 27.0 7 or more 48 19% 3.5 36 42% 9.6

Subjective Response Differences between Visual Analogue, Ordinal and Hybrid Response Scales

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (25) ◽  
pp. 1883-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Cowley ◽  
Heather Youngblood
Keyword(s):  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Ordinal Response ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Response Scales ◽  
Different Response

The Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) discipline employs different subjective response scale formats to measure subjective phenomena (e.g., hazard perception). Per the psychometrics literature, different scale formats can yield different participant responses, which is a potential threat to validity in replication studies if response scales are not consistent across study iterations. If ordinal response scales (e.g., Likert scales) yield ordinal data and continuous response scales (e.g., Visual Analogue Scales) yield continuous data then it is inappropriate to substitute one response scale for the other if they potentially yield different responses for the same question. The current research compared mean participant ratings for the same question on VAS, Likert and Hybrid response scales and found that VAS scales had significantly lower mean ratings than Likert and Hybrid response scales. Two scale features, the number of anchors (5 or 9) and the scale length (10.0cm and 19.2cm), were varied and no significant main effects or interactions resulted. In conclusion, scale types, not scale features, produced significant mean participant rating differences. To support the validity of replication research, this paper also provided a response scale taxonomy based on the scale features studied herein, that can be used to classify and report different response scales. Implications for these results and future research directions are discussed.

The Nursing Outcomes Classification: Its Relevance to School Nursing

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Cavendish ◽  
Margaret Lunney ◽  
Barbara Kraynyak Luise ◽  
Kathryn Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
School Nursing ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Nursing Outcomes ◽  
Nursing Outcomes Classification ◽  
Nurses Perceptions ◽  
State Representatives

Two surveys were conducted to determine school nurses’ perceptions of the relevance of 190 outcomes developed by the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) research team to school nursing practice. First, a national random survey of members of the National Association of School Nurses was conducted. Participants were asked to identify the percentage of children and families for whom school nurses affect health outcomes. Usable responses were returned from 227 school nurses (22% response rate). Ninety outcomes were perceived as relevant for 30% or more of children and families; 8 outcomes were perceived as relevant for 50% or more of children and families. A second survey—targeting state representatives attending a school nursing leadership meeting—was conducted using a revised version of the instrument. The legend was changed to degree of relevance to school nursing practice, with a response scale of 0 to 10. Usable responses were returned from 31 state representatives (41% response rate). The means of 172 of 190 outcomes were above 5 (median point on the 10-point scale of relevance). The findings of both surveys indicate that a large number of NOC outcomes are useful for documentation of the effectiveness of nursing interventions in school settings.

The Visual Analogue Scale. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Adrian Duşa ◽  
Valeriu Frunzaru
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Response Scales ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Type Response

Abstract For about eight decades, research instruments in the social sciences have been orbiting around Likert’s proposal for his famous response scale. Before him, and also after he managed to impose it, many researchers have tried to find a better solution. This, however, has proven difficult. While solving methodological problems for measuring concepts, by concentrating all the responses in only five categories brings major disadvantages as well: it has extremely low variation, it does not produce metric scores unless combined with similar items, and it cannot be used as such for advanced statistical analysis. In this article, we propose using a continuous response scale as a solution to each of these problems. In our opinion, the possible application of this solution has an extremely high potential to advance social science research methodology.

scholarly journals A unified theory of discrete and continuous responding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Kvam ◽  
A. A. J. Marley ◽  
Andrew Heathcote
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Discrete Responses

Understanding the cognitive processes underlying choice requires theories that can disentangle the representation of stimuli from the processes that map these representations onto observed responses. We develop a dynamic theory of how stimuli are mapped onto discrete (choice) and continuous response scales. It proposes that the mapping from stimuli to the input to an evidence accumulation process is accomplished using multiple reference points or "anchors". Evidence is accumulated until a threshold amount for a particular response is obtained, with the relative balance of support for each anchor at that time determining the response. We tested this Multiple Anchored Accumulation Theory (MAAT) using the results of two experiments requiring discrete or continuous responses to line length and color stimuli. We manipulated the number of options for discrete responses, the number of different stimuli, and the similarity amongst them, and compared the outcomes to continuous response conditions. We show that MAAT accounts for several key phenomena: more accurate choices and more skewed response distributions near the ends of a response scale; a decrease in accuracy and response speed as the number of discrete choice options increases; and longer response times and lower accuracy when discrete responses were more similar to one another. Our empirical and modeling results suggest that discrete and continuous response tasks can share a common evidence representation, and that the decision process is sensitive to the perceived similarity among the response options.

Dental faculty and labor unions: the perils of passivity

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 660-665
Author(s):  
JH Oaks ◽  
DM Fox ◽  
JJ Valter
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions

New Evidence on the Construct Validity of the ASI-3 and the Dimensional Conceptualization of Trait Anxiety Sensitivity From IRT Modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph J. Kemper ◽  
Michael Hock
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Irt Models ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Extreme Response

Abstract. Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) denotes the tendency to fear anxiety-related sensations. Trait AS is an established risk factor for anxiety pathology. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) is a widely used measure of AS and its three most robust dimensions with well-established construct validity. At present, the dimensional conceptualization of AS, and thus, the construct validity of the ASI-3 is challenged. A latent class structure with two distinct and qualitatively different forms, an adaptive form (normative AS) and a maladaptive form (AS taxon, predisposing for anxiety pathology) was postulated. Item Response Theory (IRT) models were applied to item-level data of the ASI-3 in an attempt to replicate previous findings in a large nonclinical sample (N = 2,603) and to examine possible interpretations for the latent discontinuity observed. Two latent classes with a pattern of distinct responses to ASI-3 items were found. However, classes were indicative of participant’s differential use of the response scale (midpoint and extreme response style) rather than differing in AS content (adaptive and maladaptive AS forms). A dimensional structure of AS and the construct validity of the ASI-3 was supported.

An Alternative to Cohen's κ

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander von Eye
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Applicant Selection

At the level of manifest categorical variables, a large number of coefficients and models for the examination of rater agreement has been proposed and used. The most popular of these is Cohen's κ. In this article, a new coefficient, κ s , is proposed as an alternative measure of rater agreement. Both κ and κ s allow researchers to determine whether agreement in groups of two or more raters is significantly beyond chance. Stouffer's z is used to test the null hypothesis that κ s = 0. The coefficient κ s allows one, in addition to evaluating rater agreement in a fashion parallel to κ, to (1) examine subsets of cells in agreement tables, (2) examine cells that indicate disagreement, (3) consider alternative chance models, (4) take covariates into account, and (5) compare independent samples. Results from a simulation study are reported, which suggest that (a) the four measures of rater agreement, Cohen's κ, Brennan and Prediger's κ n , raw agreement, and κ s are sensitive to the same data characteristics when evaluating rater agreement and (b) both the z-statistic for Cohen's κ and Stouffer's z for κ s are unimodally and symmetrically distributed, but slightly heavy-tailed. Examples use data from verbal processing and applicant selection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document