Perceptual and Socio-Economic Variables, Instruction in Body-Orientation, and Predicted Academic Success in Young Children

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1175-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newell T. Gill ◽  
Thomas J. Herdtner ◽  
Linda Lough
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Nursery School ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
First Grade ◽  
White Children ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Rod And Frame Test

Perceptual differences were investigated at the first grade level among Negro and white lower class children and middle class white children; and nursery, kindergarten, and first grade middle class white children. Half of the nursery school children had been given special exercises to enhance bodily awareness. A rod-and-frame test, the Frostig test, and the Metropolitan Achievement test were the criterion measures. Lower class children were less effective; race was not a significant factor; special exercises were beneficial; and perceptual performance was more highly correlated with predicted academic success for girls.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

Comparison of the WPPSI, Stanford-Binet, and McCarthy Scales as Predictors of First-Grade Achievement

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
School Success ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grade Achievement ◽  
Present Group ◽  
Performance Scale

35 white, middle-class children, aged 6 to 6½ yr., were tested on the WPPSI, Stanford-Binet, and the new McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA). Of these children 31 were tested 4 mo. later on the Metropolitan Achievement Tests (1970 Edition) at the end of first grade. The Stanford-Binet IQ and MSCA General Cognitive Index (GCI) correlated significantly with overall first-grade achievement ( p = .01) as did the MSCA Quantitative and Perceptual-Performance Scale Indexes. The WPPSI Full Scale IQ correlated with achievement ( p = .05). The mean Stanford-Binet IQ was discrepant with the children's average scores on the WPPSI, MSCA, and Metropolitan; the implications of this finding were discussed. The fact that the new scales correlated at least as well as the two more established tests, for the present group, suggests that the new battery may be useful as a predictor of school success.

Exposure is not enough

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN MACWHINNEY
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Academic Failure ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
First Grade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Word Gap ◽  
Families With Children

Child language researchers have often assumed that progress in first language learning depends heavily on language exposure. For example, Hart and Risley (1995) compared children in middle class families with children in lower class families. Based on recordings made across several years in the home, they estimated that by the time the children from lower SES families entered first grade they had heard 30 million fewer words than the middle class children. Researchers and educators have argued that this ‘30 million word gap’ is a primary cause for academic failure of lower SES children in the primary grades in the United States. Researchers in second language acquisition (SLA) research have often postulated a similar linkage between exposure and attainment, both for early and simultaneous bilingual children and later second language learning. Carroll (Carroll) expresses justifiable skepticism regarding such claims regarding the effect of amount of exposure on language attainment. Despite some important differences in conceptualization of the nature of the input, I find her overall analysis compelling and important.

Who is Rational?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ben Prestel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Dynamic Transformation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Emergence

Beginning around 1860, authors in the Egyptian capital portrayed Cairo’s changing cityscape and the recent emergence of local newspapers in terms of their impact on rationality (‘aql). In their descriptions, these contemporaries depicted rationality as an education of the heart that especially enabled men from the middle class to control their bodies and passions. The chapter shows that Cairo’s transformation was, however, not always associated with rising rationality by drawing on a different set of sources. Police and court records from the 1860s and 1870s demonstrate that contemporaries also described processes of urban change as a danger to the “honor” of lower-class women. Like the debates in Berlin, emotional practices in Cairo thus served as a way to address the social formation of the Egyptian capital during a time of dynamic transformation.

Social Class and Ethnicity Effects on Clinical Judgments

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Norman ◽  
Ricardo Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Treatment Recommendations ◽  
Clinical Judgments ◽  
Involuntary Hospitalization ◽  
Professional Help ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

To resolve conflict between earlier studies finding contradictory recommendations on need for professional help of middle- vs lower-class persons given normal, neurotic, and psychotic behavior descriptions, and to explore ethnicity effects, 92 students (70 Anglo, 22 Chicano) rated fictitious biographical vignettes. A pro-middle-class bias was found consistent with Routh and King's study but inconsistent with that by Schofield and Oakes. Also contrary to the latter, treatment recommendations agreed with ratings. Ethnicity bias appeared, since Anglos recommended Chicanos more often for involuntary hospitalization. Inconsistency between the two earlier studies results from a methodological variation, discussed in this study.

Prediction of Successful College Academic Performance from Measures of Body-Cathexis, Self-Cathexis, and Anxiety

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. White ◽  
James A. Wash
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Grade Point Average ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Body Cathexis ◽  
Senior Students ◽  
College Academic Success

Measures of body-cathexis, self-cathexis, and anxiety were administered to 74 junior and senior students in educational psychology The body and self tended to be cathected to the same degree, and anxiety was highly correlated with both cathexes. Correlations with grade-point average were nonsignificant. Thus, values placed on body and self tended to be commensurate but lack predictive validity for college academic success.

Status Level of Occupations Chosen and Rejected by Middle and Lower Class Boys and Girls

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward T. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Occupational Choices ◽  
Status Level

The hypothesis that children's occupational choices are superior in status to the occupations they reject was supported by the occupational choices and rejections of 60 middle class boys and 49 girls and 108 lower class boys, but not by those of the 107 lower class girls.

Social-Class Bias in Clinical Judgment and Recommendation for Treatment Using the Biographical Vignette Technique

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Schofield ◽  
James D. Oakes
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

An autobiographical vignette technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with those of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique.

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