Who is Rational?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ben Prestel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Dynamic Transformation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Emergence

Beginning around 1860, authors in the Egyptian capital portrayed Cairo’s changing cityscape and the recent emergence of local newspapers in terms of their impact on rationality (‘aql). In their descriptions, these contemporaries depicted rationality as an education of the heart that especially enabled men from the middle class to control their bodies and passions. The chapter shows that Cairo’s transformation was, however, not always associated with rising rationality by drawing on a different set of sources. Police and court records from the 1860s and 1870s demonstrate that contemporaries also described processes of urban change as a danger to the “honor” of lower-class women. Like the debates in Berlin, emotional practices in Cairo thus served as a way to address the social formation of the Egyptian capital during a time of dynamic transformation.

Social-Class Bias in Clinical Judgment and Recommendation for Treatment Using the Biographical Vignette Technique

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Schofield ◽  
James D. Oakes
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

An autobiographical vignette technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with those of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique.

The Lady Lisle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Ifill
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Child

The Lady Lisle features two near-identical boys from different ends of the social spectrum. The possibility of altering the development of their inborn natures through upbringing and education is explored and contested when the two are swapped by the villain, Major Varney. The upper-class child is sent to a middle-class school where he is raised in such a way as to negate detrimental qualities which initially seemed innate. Contrastingly, the lower-class child, James, impersonates the true heir and proves to be selfish, violent and eventually murderous, like his father. Yet it is never entirely clear to what extent James’s behaviour is due to heredity or to his emotionally abusive upbringing. A shift in narrative tone is identified which moves from making allowances for James due to ‘nurture’ towards castigating him as bad by ‘nature’. In this way Braddon raises questions about the malleability or fixity of the personality, about how we define, recognise and value naturalness, but ultimately combines the forces of education and hereditary degeneracy in order to segregate the lower classes, and to bring the morally upright middle classes together with the affluent upper classes.

Streets of Excitement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ben Prestel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

In 1870s Berlin, the debate on emotions shifted. While morality remained an important referent for a number of groups in the city, new claims about the “pathology” of emotions rose to prominence. The issue of sick “nerves” began to occupy a central role in various actors’ statements including doctors, prostitutes, philosophers, and journalists, when they wrote about the impact of urban change on emotions. According to many of these descriptions, the recently created entertainment district around Friedrichstraße produced ambiguous emotions in city dwellers, ranging from love to disgust and anger. The ambiguity of these emotions, grouped together under the concept of “excitement,” risked making city dwellers lose hold of their emotions and render them “nervous.” While this pathology of emotions provided a new way to “naturalize” middle-class ideals of emotional restraint, police and court records demonstrate the conflicts surrounding claims about emotions in Berlin’s entertainment district.

scholarly journals SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT REFLECTED IN “FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD” NOVEL BY THOMAS HARDY

JURNAL BASIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Manuela Indriati Siahaan ◽  
Tomi Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social

This research aimed to analyze social class conflict reflected in novel of Far from the Madding Crowd by Tomas Hardy. This descriptive qualitative research focuses on the social class conflict in England which is reflected in this novel. This study uses a sociological approach and analyzes the distribution of social classes in this novel and the social class conflicts that occur in this novel. The method used in writing this thesis is a qualitative descriptive method, namely the author describes, memorizes, and analyzes existing data. Quotations from books in libraries and the internet related to this research. The theory used is the theory of sociology with experts Max Weber and Karl Max.. The theory proposed by Karl Marx is an explicit theory, based on Marx's description of the laws of historical development, capitalism and socialism. Theory of sociology is used to analyze the social class divisions that exist in this novel while Maxisme class theory analyzes the conflicts. The results are have featured three male characters who became the main characters are Mr. Boldwood, Mr. Troy and Mr. Oak coming from three different classes of lower classes, middle classes, and upper classes. The social that happen among of three male character are: First, Bribery are shown conflict between Mr. Boldwood and Mr. Troy are representation to Upper Class and Middle Class. Second, Arrogance are shown conflict between Mr. Boldwood and Mr. Troy are representation to Middle Class and Upper Class. Third, are shown conflict between Mr. Troy and Mr. Oak  are representation to Middle Class and Lower Class.

scholarly journals THE CLASS OF THE MIDDLE PROPRIETORS – THE GUARANTEE OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
Adiba Ergashevna Shaymanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lofty Goal ◽  
The Relationship

The middle class plays an important role in maintaining and strengthening stability in civil society. Only when a truly middle-class class is formed in the country will civil society enter the path of sustainable development. It is known that from time immemorial, mankind has lived in different strata, groups and tribes. The social structure of any society consisted of three strata, the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class, or the poor. The sustainable development of society depended on the relationship between these strata. At that time, a relatively large number of middle-class landowners played a key role in ensuring social balance. In a country where the middle class makes up the majority of the population, the country is relatively peaceful, socially stable and prosperous. The study of the experience of the advanced countries with the status of a democratic state, the independent Republic of Uzbekistan, which is making great strides towards achieving this lofty goal, testifies to the fact that , they are the driving force of the country's development and a reliable basis for its stability. The article consists of an introduction, goals and objectives, methods, results and comments, and a conclusion.

scholarly journals Islam, Civil Society, and Social Work

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Hilman Latief
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Civic Values ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Horizontal Networks

The practice of charity, which is commonly voluntary by definition, is embeddedwithin religious institutions or communities to support their vision ofsocial welfare. In this book, Egbert Harmsen underlines some improvements,advantages, and weaknesses as well as varieties of the roles played byMuslim-based voluntary organizations in the Middle East in general, and inJordan in particular. He reexamines whether such civic values as voluntary,autonomous, egalitarian, community-based initiatives, self-reliance, and independenceunder which civil society organizations developed can impact Muslimsociety on a larger scope.The author reassesses previous research findings, particularly thosepresented by such observers as Janine Clark and Sami Zubaida. Clark’sobservation of (horizontal) networks embedded among middle-classMuslims reveal that the lower class (the poor) does not benefit very muchfrom the existing social institutions. Meanwhile, Zubaida’s scrutiny of the(vertical) relation between Muslim associations and their needy clientsshows that the resulting relationships are generally paternalistic. In responseto Clark’s argument, Harmsen points out that while the social institutionsset up by the middle class do serve middle-class families, they by no means ...

scholarly journals Social Structure as the Root of Improving Criminality in the Era of Pandemic Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1202-1211
Author(s):  
Nur Khalimatus Sa’diyah ◽  
◽  
Umi Enggarsasi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Community Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government

A level in society which is a social structure or patterns that foster community life that has a role in an organization in a group. In the face of the Covid-19 Pandemic, the Middle Class and Lower Class Communities were greatly affected by their social and economic conditions, this has become a problem for the Increase of Crime in the era of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The problems in this study are First, what are the factors causing the social structure as the root of the increase in crime in the Covid-19 pandemic era. Second, how to deal with the increase in crime in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is juridical empirical, using primary and secondary data, and qualitative analysis presented descriptively. The result of this research is that with the existence of a social structure as the cause of crime that occurred during the Pandemic, the government must immediately find a solution and overcome it so that the crime rate can suppress and decrease.

Early Cinema in Scotland

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Early Cinema ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Audience

This collection of essays, drawn from a three-year AHRC research project, provides a detailed context for the history of early cinema in Scotland from its inception in 1896 till the arrival of sound in the early 1930s. It details the movement from travelling fairground shows to the establishment of permanent cinemas, and from variety and live entertainment to the dominance of the feature film. It addresses the promotion of cinema as a socially ‘useful’ entertainment, and, distinctively, it considers the early development of cinema in small towns as well as in larger cities. Using local newspapers and other archive sources, it details the evolution and the diversity of the social experience of cinema, both for picture goers and for cinema staff. In production, it examines the early attempts to establish a feature film production sector, with a detailed production history of Rob Roy (United Films, 1911), and it records the importance, both for exhibition and for social history, of ‘local topicals’. It considers the popularity of Scotland as an imaginary location for European and American films, drawing their popularity from the international audience for writers such as Walter Scott and J.M. Barrie and the ubiquity of Scottish popular song. The book concludes with a consideration of the arrival of sound in Scittish cinemas. As an afterpiece, it offers an annotated filmography of Scottish-themed feature films from 1896 to 1927, drawing evidence from synopses and reviews in contemporary trade journals.

George Hoggart Toulmin: politics and geology

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-481
Author(s):  
ROY PORTER
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Christian View ◽  
The Social ◽  
French Enlightenment ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
History Of

The physician George Hoggart Toulmin (1754–1817) propounded his theory of the Earth in a number of works beginning with The antiquity and duration of the world (1780) and ending with his The eternity of the universe (1789). It bore many resemblances to James Hutton's "Theory of the Earth" (1788) in stressing the uniformity of Nature, the gradual destruction and recreation of the continents and the unfathomable age of the Earth. In Toulmin's view, the progress of the proper theory of the Earth and of political advancement were inseparable from each other. For he analysed the commonly accepted geological ideas of his day (which postulated that the Earth had been created at no great distance of time by God; that God had intervened in Earth history on occasions like the Deluge to punish man; and that all Nature had been fabricated by God to serve man) and argued they were symptomatic of a society trapped in ignorance and superstition, and held down by priestcraft and political tyranny. In this respect he shared the outlook of the more radical figures of the French Enlightenment such as Helvétius and the Baron d'Holbach. He believed that the advance of freedom and knowledge would bring about improved understanding of the history and nature of the Earth, as a consequence of which Man would better understand the terms of his own existence, and learn to live in peace, harmony and civilization. Yet Toulmin's hopes were tempered by his naturalistic view of the history of the Earth and of Man. For Time destroyed everything — continents and civilizations. The fundamental law of things was cyclicality not progress. This latent political conservatism and pessimism became explicit in Toulmin's volume of verse, Illustration of affection, published posthumously in 1819. In those poems he signalled his disapproval of the French Revolution and of Napoleonic imperialism. He now argued that all was for the best in the social order, and he abandoned his own earlier atheistic religious radicalism, now subscribing to a more Christian view of God. Toulmin's earlier geological views had run into considerable opposition from orthodox religious elements. They were largely ignored by the geological community in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Britain, but were revived and reprinted by lower class radicals such as Richard Carlile. This paper is to be published in the American journal, The Journal for the History of Ideas in 1978 (in press).

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