Social Class and Ethnicity Effects on Clinical Judgments

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Norman ◽  
Ricardo Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Treatment Recommendations ◽  
Clinical Judgments ◽  
Involuntary Hospitalization ◽  
Professional Help ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

To resolve conflict between earlier studies finding contradictory recommendations on need for professional help of middle- vs lower-class persons given normal, neurotic, and psychotic behavior descriptions, and to explore ethnicity effects, 92 students (70 Anglo, 22 Chicano) rated fictitious biographical vignettes. A pro-middle-class bias was found consistent with Routh and King's study but inconsistent with that by Schofield and Oakes. Also contrary to the latter, treatment recommendations agreed with ratings. Ethnicity bias appeared, since Anglos recommended Chicanos more often for involuntary hospitalization. Inconsistency between the two earlier studies results from a methodological variation, discussed in this study.

Social-Class Bias in Clinical Judgment and Recommendation for Treatment Using the Biographical Vignette Technique

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Schofield ◽  
James D. Oakes
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychotic Behavior

An autobiographical vignette technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with those of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique.

Social Class Bias of Practicing Attorneys

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-935
Author(s):  
Robert H. Gordon ◽  
Georgia Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social History ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
Criminal Defendant

This study investigated the influence of a criminal defendant's social class on private practicing attorneys' evaluations of an interview between a criminal defendant and his attorney. 50 practicing attorneys, as volunteer subjects, rated an artificially constructed transcript of an interview relating to the defendant's arrest. Ratings were based on 10 Likert-type scales measuring personality variables and legal sophistication of the defendant. One-half of the subjects rated the transcript with a lower-class social history appended; the other half rated the same transcript with a middle-class social history appended. The evaluations of the defendant were not influenced by the defendant's social class.

scholarly journals EKSPRESI HONORIFIK DAN STATUS SOSIAL DALAM MASYARAKAT JAWA

tuahtalino ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dwi Atmawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Class Society

Various titles and honorifics expressions in Javanese society has become particular interest for writer to analyze. The honorific expressions described in this paper include the title of nobility and greeting word in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The research uses equality method to review particular lingual unit using determiner tools beyond language. Based on the data and analysis it is known that titles of the nobles are rara, gusti raden ajeng, gusti raden ayu, kanjeng pangeran harya, gusti bendara raden mas, gusti bendara raden ajeng, gusti bendara raden ayu, bendara raden mas, bendara kanjeng pangeran, bendara raden ajeng, bendara raden ayu. Where greeting word based on social class, the writer classifies it into three, upper, middle, and lower class. The greeting word on upper class society are such as papi, mami, papa/papah, mama/mamah, daddy, mom, tante, om, oma, opa, eyang, jeng. The greeting word on middle class society are such as ayah, ibu, bapak, bunda, abi, ummi, paman, bibi, mas, mbak. The greeting word on lower class society are such as pak/bapak, mbok/embok/simbok, biyung, mbakyu, pakdhe, mbokdhe, paklik, bulik. The greeting word are decreasing in number are embok/mbok/simbok dan biyung. Defining the greeting word is tightly associated to social status of the speakers.

scholarly journals International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Martua Sihaloho ◽  
Ekawati Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Rilus A. Kinseng ◽  
Sediono M.P. Tjondronegoro
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Livelihood Strategy ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Lower Social Class ◽  
Social Climbing

Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.

The impact of social class and social cognitive domain on northeastern Brazilian mothers' and daughters' conceptions of parental control

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Lins-Dyer ◽  
Larry Nucci
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Mother Daughter Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Actual Control

The impact of social class was explored on Brazilian mothers' and daughters' conceptions of who should, and who actually would control decisions regarding the daughters' actions. Participants were 126 middle class and 126 lower class girls aged 11–16 years, and their mothers. No social class differences were found in daughters' judgments about who should control decisions. Lower class daughters perceived mothers as exerting greater actual control than did middle class daughters. Lower class mothers claimed higher control over prudential and conventional matters than did middle class mothers. Findings that daughters and mothers in both social classes viewed personal matters as under the daughters' control challenged the notion that interdependence is fostered by the mother–daughter relationship and are consistent with more recent views that an individualism–collectivism dichotomy should not be used to characterize cultures.

Verbal Activity of Middle- and Lower-Class Parents When Teaching Their Child

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-578
Author(s):  
Theodore Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Family Interaction ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Verbal Activity ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Teaching Interaction ◽  
Middle Class Families

The present study attempted to evaluate the influence of social class insofar as determining patterns of parental activity during a parent-to-child teaching interaction. In all respects subject composition was the same as previously reported. The experimental task required parents to explain the meaning of a proverb to their son, and during this interaction total talking time was recorded for each family member. Results supported expectations that fathers spoke more than mothers in middle-class families and almost equal to mothers in lower-class families. The meaning of class differences in family interaction is discussed and directions for research are described.

Relationship of Socioeconomic Status and Aggression in Preschool Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Situational Specificity ◽  
Physical Attack ◽  
Relationship Of

Aggression was operationally defined as physical attack, destructiveness, humiliation, threat, and disapproval. The frequency of each behavior displayed by 20 lower-class children and 20 middle-class children in one preschool was recorded by two observers. Analyses of variance indicated no significant effects of social class on any measure. Boys were more disapproving than girls. Results are discussed with reference to Mischel's concept of the situational specificity of behavior.

scholarly journals SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT REFLECTED IN “FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD” NOVEL BY THOMAS HARDY

JURNAL BASIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Manuela Indriati Siahaan ◽  
Tomi Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social

This research aimed to analyze social class conflict reflected in novel of Far from the Madding Crowd by Tomas Hardy. This descriptive qualitative research focuses on the social class conflict in England which is reflected in this novel. This study uses a sociological approach and analyzes the distribution of social classes in this novel and the social class conflicts that occur in this novel. The method used in writing this thesis is a qualitative descriptive method, namely the author describes, memorizes, and analyzes existing data. Quotations from books in libraries and the internet related to this research. The theory used is the theory of sociology with experts Max Weber and Karl Max.. The theory proposed by Karl Marx is an explicit theory, based on Marx's description of the laws of historical development, capitalism and socialism. Theory of sociology is used to analyze the social class divisions that exist in this novel while Maxisme class theory analyzes the conflicts. The results are have featured three male characters who became the main characters are Mr. Boldwood, Mr. Troy and Mr. Oak coming from three different classes of lower classes, middle classes, and upper classes. The social that happen among of three male character are: First, Bribery are shown conflict between Mr. Boldwood and Mr. Troy are representation to Upper Class and Middle Class. Second, Arrogance are shown conflict between Mr. Boldwood and Mr. Troy are representation to Middle Class and Upper Class. Third, are shown conflict between Mr. Troy and Mr. Oak  are representation to Middle Class and Lower Class.

Recent Articles on English Working-Class History

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Thomas Milton Kemnitz
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
Class A ◽  
Working People ◽  
Working Class History

English labor and working-class history increasingly is becoming a respectable occupation for middle-class historians, and much of the recent work reflects middle-class bias and assumptions. One clear indication of this is the use of middle-class terminology. Much of the work noticed here – and some of it is very good – is about “the lower class.” A “lower class” can be identified only from a middle-class perspective; in the 1830s and 1840s, working people contemptuously rejected terms such as “lower classes” and “humbler classes”, insisting instead that they be referred to as the working or industrious class. Middle-class men anxious for working-class support learned the lesson quickly; historians are proving more insensitive over a century later.

Assimilating and Differentiating: The Curvilinear Effect of Social Class on Green Consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
Hean Tat Keh ◽  
Jiemiao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Green Consumption ◽  
Optimal Distinctiveness ◽  
Power Distance Belief ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Curvilinear Effect

Abstract Building on optimal distinctiveness theory, this research examines the effects of social class on green consumption. Across six studies, we find a curvilinear effect of social class on green consumption, with the middle class having greater propensity for green consumption compared to the lower and upper classes. This effect can be explained by tension between need for assimilation (NFA) and need for differentiation (NFD) that varies among the three social classes in establishing their optimally distinctive identities. The lower class has a dominant NFA, the upper class has a dominant NFD, and the middle class has dual motivation for assimilation and differentiation. Concomitantly, green consumption has the dual function of assimilation and differentiation. The middle class perceives green consumption as simultaneously assimilating and differentiating, which satisfies their dual motivation and enhances their propensity for green consumption. By contrast, the lower class perceives the differentiation function of green consumption as contradicting their dominant NFA, and the upper class perceives the assimilation function as contradicting their dominant NFD, which lower both their propensities for green consumption. Furthermore, these effects are moderated by consumers’ power distance belief. These novel findings have significant theoretical and practical implications on building a more sustainable society.

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