Comparison of Redundancy of French and English through Use of a Regular Finite Markov Process

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-714
Author(s):  
J. Gérard Muise ◽  
Renaud S. Leblanc ◽  
Clarence J. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Sequential Dependencies ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
French And English ◽  
Finite Markov Process ◽  
Maximum Absolute Deviation ◽  
Equilibrium Matrix ◽  
Transitional Probabilities ◽  
Average Information

Digram transitional probabilities were used to compare the uncertainty of the English and French languages. An equilibrium matrix ( A), an average information ( H) value and the redundancy ( C) were computed for both languages using a regular Markov process. Six exponentiations were required to reach an equilibrium with a maximum absolute deviation of 0.005. The value of H for English and French was 4.11 bits and 3.96 bits respectively. Redundancy C for English was 12.6% and for French 15.8%. Differences between languages were observed warranting caution in the use of sequential dependencies of letters in inter-language studies.

Density and Viscosity of Athabasca Bitumen Samples at Temperatures Up to 200°C and Pressures Up to 10 MPa

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Nourozieh ◽  
Mohammad Kariznovi ◽  
Jalal Abedi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Vapor Extraction ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Athabasca Bitumen ◽  
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maximum Absolute Deviation ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

Summary This paper presents the measurements of bitumen thermophysical properties (density and viscosity) over a wide range of temperatures (ambient to 200°C) and pressures (atmospheric to 14 MPa). The measurements have been conducted on three Athabasca bitumen samples taken from different locations. A new method was proposed to correlate the density data as a function of temperature and pressure, with a maximum absolute deviation of 1.7 kg/m3. The viscosity data were also correlated with two correlations available in literature considering the effect of pressure and temperature on viscosity of bitumen, with an average absolute relative deviation of 9.2%. The measured data and correlations are applicable for the prediction and optimization of oil recovery in the solvent- and thermal-based bitumen-recovery processes such as expanding- solvent steam assisted gravity drainage (ES-SAGD) and heated vapor extraction (VAPEX).

Service Methane Number as a Means to Avoid Knock in Natural Gas Fuelled Spark Ignition Engines

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Brecq ◽  
Camal Rahmouni ◽  
Abdellilah Taouri ◽  
Mohand Tazerout ◽  
Olivier Le Corre
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Maximum Absolute Deviation ◽  
Methane Number

Experimental investigations on the knock rating of gaseous fuels were carried out on a single cylinder SI engine of Lister-Petter make. The Service Methane Number (SMN) of different gas compositions is measured and then compared to the standard Methane Number (MN), calculated by the AVL software. Effects of engine parameters, by mean of the Methane Number Requirement (MNR) are also highlighted. A linear correlation, between the SMN and the MN, has been obtained with a maximum absolute deviation lower than 2 MN units. A prediction correlation giving the MNR from engine parameters has finally been deduced from experimental data with a good accuracy (mean absolute deviation of 0.5 MNR unit).

scholarly journals EXPLORING THE IMPORTANCE OF PLURILINGUAL COMPETENCE IN THE PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING: A CASE STUDY OF TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES OF ALGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
Souhila BENZERROUG ◽  
Samah BENZERROUG
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Teacher Training Colleges ◽  
French And English ◽  
Pre Service Teacher

The present research paper highlights the importance of plurilingual competence to language education in pre-service teacher training at the Teacher Training College of Bouzareah-Algeria-. The study is designed to gain insight into the development of pluringual competence in the pre-service program that is addressed to the students of the departments of French and English. It aims at enhancing the teaching and learning of foreign languages in order to meet the universal requirements related to interculturality and plurilingualism.To achieve the above mentioned aims, the researchers interviewed ENSB teacher trainers to investigate their perceptions towards the teaching of that competence. A qualitative method was then employed by using a semi-structured interview with university teachers of Didactics and Language Studies in order to identify the extent of interest that is assigned to the development of plurilingual competence in the teaching practices as well as the syllabus content‎.

scholarly journals A New Perspective on Covid-19 Treatment: When a Paradigm Changes in Infectiology Become Necessary against an Emerging Virus as the SARS-Cov2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Sylvain Peng-Wende Ouedraogo ◽  
Sodjehoun Apeti ◽  
Dieudonne Ouedraogo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Response ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
French And English ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background & Aims: The covid19 is a world changing challenge. Furthermore, this disease challenges our capacities to change our point of view in the domain of infectiology, immunology and global public health. Many trials try some drug such as antiviral (lopinavir, remdesivir) interferon, and the chloroquine. Unfortunately, all approach is not really convincing at this time. We are proposing another approach on this issue. In infectiology there are two protagonists : the host and its immune system versus pathogens and its virulence. Our approach focuses on an intervention on the host’s immune system and how stimulate and modulate its reactions. Methods: We searched on PubMed and Google Scholar databases for French and English-language studies, without a limit of date of publications, for randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, reviews, systematic reviews, observational studies, case report. We performed a review on the field of immunology enhancements by nutrients use. Results: We identified groups of vitamins (D and C), oligo-elements (magnesium, zinc, selenium) and nutrition advice which enhance immune system response. Indeed, these supplements have some proved properties in modulating and stimulating the immune system. For example, a recent study demonstrates that vitamin D deficiency is linked with the severity of covid19. Majority of the population has a deficiency in these elements. According to this, we propose a therapeutic protocol using these elements to reach an efficient therapy against covid19 by enhancing host’s immune system. Conclusion: Due to this serious pandemic, any solutions must not be disregarded. The nutrition way is an entire part of the solution.

Rapid prediction of thrust force coupling scale-span model and revised ANN in drilling CFRPs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Liu ◽  
Qiannan Li ◽  
Zhenchao Qi ◽  
Wenliang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Thrust Force ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Simulation Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Absolute Deviation

Abstract This study develops an integrated methodology to rapidly predict the thrust force with a tapered drill-reamer (TDR) by coupling a scale-span model and revised artificial neural networks (ANN) in drilling carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). First, the optimum mesh size of the scale-span finite element (FE) model of CFRPs was optimized to enhance simulation efficiency on the premise of ensuring accuracy in drilling. Then, an order-driven FE computation approach was first proposed to improve computing efficiency for batch samples and maximize utilization of the available computing resources. Modeling and solving of the weight indices of material property parameters (MPPs) and machining parameters for the thrust force were first carried out entirely based on a feature selection model. A multi-layer revised ANN architecture model which considers the material properties of CFRPs and the corresponding initial weight indices was first designed for the thrust force prediction in Python software. Finally, drilling experiments involving T700S-12K/YP-H26 CFRPs specimens with different machining parameters were carried out, which more than 25 prediction results of the fresh samples showed that the established ANN prediction model with a 16-18-18-18-16-1 architecture is highly prediction precision, and the maximum absolute deviation is only 4.56% with the comparisons of experiments.

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