Influence of Transcendental Meditation upon Autokinetic Perception

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1031-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Transcendental Meditation ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Unpaid, normal volunteers (20 men and 20 women) were administered the autokinetic test, the embedded-figures test (EFT), and the rod-and-frame test (RFT) prior to meditation instruction. After 3 mo. of instruction in Transcendental Meditation, Ss were retested and demonstrated increased ego distance and field independence on all of the above tests. These variations in an autonomic, enduring response clarify several issues in research on perceptual style and meditation.

Sports Skill Classification, Gender, and Perceptual Style

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Brady
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

This study was designed to examine the relationship of sport classification and gender to perceptual style. 102 male and female undergraduate students from open-skilled, closed-skilled and nonathletic groups were administered the Rod and Frame Test and the Embedded Figures Test. Analysis of variance indicated men to be more field independent than women on the Rod and Frame Test, while there were no gender differences on the Embedded Figures Test. Athletes performing open and closed skills scored significantly more field independent on the Rod and Frame Test than the nonathletes. There were no significant differences among the groups on the Embedded Figures Test. No correlation between the two measures of perceptual style was obtained.

Autokinesis and Psychological Differentiation

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103E ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cancro ◽  
Harold M. Voth
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

105 paid, normal volunteers, of whom 77 were women, were administered the rod-and-frame test (RFT), the embedded-figures test (EFT), and the autokinetic test. Despite the similarity in personality correlates associated with these tests, there were no significant correlations—linear or curvilinear—between the measures of psychological differentiation and autokinesis. There were still no significant correlations when the men and women were treated as separate groups. Taking the extreme cases on the autokinetic test and comparing group means on the RFT and EFT still failed to yield a significant difference. The authors infer that these measures are independent, although the design of the study does not permit this inference to be stated as a conclusion.

Social Compliance as a Function of Field Dependence

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Solar ◽  
Gerald Davenport ◽  
Dieter Bruehl
Keyword(s):  
Sign Test ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Working Together ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

To test Witkin's hypothesis that field-dependent individuals are socially compliant, 10 field-dependent and 10 field-independent Ss were selected on the basis of their performance on the Thurstone Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT). Each field-dependent S was then paired with a field-independent S and asked to cooperate in setting the rod to true vertical in the RFT. The obtained mean displacement from true vertical of the pair working together was in every case in the direction of greater field independence than the mean of the scores for the two individuals working alone ( p < .001, sign test). However, a posttest indicated that the RFT conformity of field-dependent Ss was confined to the paired situation. The Barron Independence of Judgment Scale significantly differentiated between field-dependent and field-independent Ss. The findings support Witkin's hypothesis that field-dependent Ss are socially compliant.

Field Independence and Resistance to Reversal of Perspective

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Haronian ◽  
A. Arthur Sugerman
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Following Instructions ◽  
Independence Results ◽  
Male University Students ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The more successful 102 normal male university students were in following instructions to resist fluctuations of the Necker cube, the more field-independently they scored on both Series III of the rod-and-frame test ( r = .28) and on Jackson's short form of the embedded-figures test ( r = .24). Under neutral instructions, the correlations were nil. Results support prior findings that a small but significant portion of the variance of Necker cube fluctuations under instructions to control the rate of shift is related to scores of field independence. Results support Jackson's finding that ability to control the rate of shift is not related to intelligence.

Spanish Children's Scores on Children's Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Amador-Campos ◽  
Teresa Kirchner-Nebot
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Measure Field ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Rod and Frame Test were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls of an average age of 9.03 years to measure field dependence-independence. No significant gender-related differences were found on either test. Scores on these tests were moderately and significantly correlated.

Validation of a Group Embedded Figures Test for Young Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore R. Cromack ◽  
Meredith K. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Group Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field-dependence/independence for early elementary children. Following the procedure used to validate the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test (Level 2, 9 to 11 yr.), a validation study of a group test for younger children was undertaken with a second-grade sample ( N = 77). The test was reliable (alpha = .84) and significantly related to both the individually administered Children's Embedded Figures Test ( r = .56) and Portable Rod-and-frame Test ( r = .57). This measure, designated the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test—Level 1, provides a promising research instrument for assessing cognitive style of young children.

Validation of a Children's Group Embedded Figures Test

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlaine E. Lockheed ◽  
Abigail M. Harris ◽  
Meredith K. Stone ◽  
Mary Lee Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Concurrent Validation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Body Concept ◽  
Group Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field dependence for children. Subjects were 34 girls and 39 boys in the fourth-grade, and 35 girls and 40 boys in the fifth-grade. This measure was correlated with the Articulation of Body Concept measure for fourth-grade girls ( r = —.42) and boys ( r = —.59), and for fifth-grade girls ( r = —.64) and boys ( r = —.46). It was also correlated with scores on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for girls ( r = —.51) and boys ( r = —.39) at the fourth-grade.

Assessment of Field Dependence in Young Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Correlation Pattern ◽  
Spatial Concept ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Measuring Field ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

In a series of exploratory studies to develop instruments for measuring field dependence in young children, a total of 312 Japanese middle-class children, ages 5 to 6, served as subjects. Without changing the essential nature of the original test, the geometric Embedded-figures test attained relatively high internal consistency (KR-20 in the .80's) and stability ( R = .83 to .52, at intervals of 1.5 to 13 mo.). Correlation pattern between the Embedded Figures Test and Wechsler subscales similar to that of older subjects was influenced by the speed factor in embedded figures and Wechsler performance scales. Correlation between Kato's portable Rod-and-frame test and embedded figures was significant only in boys. In addition, the correlation pattern between the rod and frame and the preschool Wechsler was not consistent with Witkin's conceptualization. A newly developed darkroom Rod-and-Frame Test correlated with embedded figures for both sexes. Additional analyses indicated the need for more refined instructions to subjects regarding the concept of upright. Some children had more than one anchoring point for responding. Nyborg's scoring method and the relationship of Piagetian spatial concept to rod-and-frame performance are discussed.

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