Serial Processing Shown by Mutual Masking of Icons

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rae Harcum ◽  
D. Stephen Nice
Keyword(s):  
Compound Words ◽  
Perceptual Accuracy ◽  
Serial Processing ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
The Right

In a procedure called mutual masking, two compound words were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same location. Perceptual accuracy for both words was examined. With fixation at the center of the arrays, Ss often identified the component at the left within the temporally first word and at the right within the second. These results imply a left-to-right serial processing. With fixation on beginning or end component, Ss tended to identify the component away from fixation of the first word and the fixated part of the second. This implies scanning from periphery toward fixation. Therefore, sequential processing of iconic information was obtained, with direction of processing determined by specific conditions.

The Role of Hyphens at the Constituent Boundary in Compound Word Identification

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Bertram ◽  
Jukka Hyönä
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Movement Study

The current eye-movement study investigated whether a salient segmentation cue like the hyphen facilitates the identification of long and short compound words. The study was conducted in Finnish, where compound words exist in great abundance. The results showed that long hyphenated compounds (musiikki-ilta) are identified faster than concatenated ones (yllätystulos), but short hyphenated compounds (ilta-asu) are identified slower than their concatenated counterparts (kesäsää). This pattern of results is explained by the visual acuity principle ( Bertram & Hyönä, 2003 ): A long compound word does not fully fit in the foveal area, where visual acuity is at its best. Therefore, its identification begins with the access of the initial constituent and this sequential processing is facilitated by the hyphen. However, a short compound word fits in the foveal area, and consequently the hyphen slows down processing by encouraging sequential processing in cases where it is possible to extract and use information of the second constituent as well.

Effects of Head-Tilt and Practice on Perception of Visual Direction without Visible Spatial Framework

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Ware
Keyword(s):  
Head Tilt ◽  
Practice Effect ◽  
Visual Direction ◽  
Perceptual Accuracy ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Spatial Framework ◽  
Darkened Room ◽  
Verbal Knowledge ◽  
The Right

A series of 3 experiments concerned with the perception of visual direction was conducted using a single adjustable luminous rod in a completely darkened room. In Exp. I, perceptual accuracies of primary (vertical and horizontal) and intermediate (all other directions) visual directions were compared. Accuracy for primary directions was significantly better ( t = 10.73, p < .001). Head-tilts of 5°, 10°, 20°, and 30° to the right and left of 0° in Exp. II did not significantly affect the perceptual accuracy, but perceptual accuracy differed significantly between primary and intermediate directions ( F = 182.11, p < .001). The introduction of non-verbal knowledge of results in Exp. III yielded little improvement in the perceptual accuracy of intermediate visual direction, but a significant practice effect was found. The results were discussed in terms of previous research and suggestions for further research were outlined.

scholarly journals Spatial attention in encoding letter combinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy ◽  
Alex L. White ◽  
Clementine Chou ◽  
Jason D. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Letter Processing

AbstractReading requires the correct identification of letters and letter positions within words. Selective attention is, therefore, required to select chunks of the text for sequential processing. Despite the extensive literature on visual attention, the well-known effects of spatial cues in simple perceptual tasks cannot inform us about the role of attention in a task as complex as reading. Here, we systematically manipulate spatial attention in a multi-letter processing task to understand the effects of spatial cues on letter encoding in typical adults. Overall, endogenous (voluntary) cue benefits were larger than exogenous (reflexive). We show that cue benefits are greater in the left than in the right visual field and larger for the most crowded letter positions. Endogenous valid cues reduced errors due to confusing letter positions more than misidentifications, specifically for the most crowded letter positions. Therefore, shifting endogenous attention along a line of text is likely an important mechanism to alleviate the effects of crowding on encoding letters within words. Our results help set the premise for constructing theories about how specific mechanisms of attention support reading development in children. Understanding the link between reading development and attention mechanisms has far-reaching implications for effectively addressing the needs of children with reading disabilities.

scholarly journals Spatial attention in encoding letter combinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy ◽  
Alex L. White ◽  
Clementine Chao ◽  
Jason D. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Letter Processing

Reading requires the correct identification of letters and letter positions within words. Selectiveattention is, therefore, required to select chunks of the text for sequential processing. Despite theextensive literature on visual attention, the well known effects of spatial cues in simpleperceptual tasks cannot inform us about the role of attention in a task as complex as reading.Here, we systematically manipulate spatial attention in a multi-letter processing task tounderstand the effects of spatial cues on letter encoding in typical adults. Overall, endogenous(voluntary) cue benefits were larger than exogenous (involuntary). We show that cue benefitsare greater in the left than in the right visual field; and larger for the most crowded letterpositions. Endogenous valid cues reduced errors due to confusing letter positions more thanmisidentifications, specifically for the most crowded letter positions. Therefore, shiftingendogenous attention along a line of text is likely an important mechanism to alleviate theeffects of crowding on letters within words. Our results help set the premise for buildingtheories for how specific mechanisms of attention support reading development in children.Understanding the link between reading development and attention mechanisms has farreaching implications in the remediation for children with reading disabilities.

Evidence from Mutual Masking for Serial Processing of Tachistoscopic Letter Patterns

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stephen Nice ◽  
E. Rae Harcum
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Serial Processing ◽  
The Right

This experiment demonstrates serial processing of tachistoscopic patterns when all potential artifacts are eliminated. Two nonsense arrays of six letters were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same positions. Ss identified more letters from the temporally first string on the left of fixation and more from the second on the right, indicating left-to-right serial processing. Variations among Ss in the location of the crossover in curves indicate individual differences in processing time. Therefore, this study demonstrates definitively that tachistoscopic performance at various positions can reflect a sequential left-to-right processing of information, possibly at different rates.

scholarly journals Character Decomposition and Transposition of Chinese Compound Words in the Right and Left Visual Fields

i-Perception ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 204166951667536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Wen Cao ◽  
Kai-Fu Yang ◽  
Hong-Mei Yan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Fields ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
The Right

The attenuation of auditory neglect by implicit cues

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RAND COLEMAN ◽  
J. MICHAEL WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Right Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cerebral Processing ◽  
Language Content

This study examined implicit semantic and rhyming cues on perception of auditory stimuli among nonaphasic participants who suffered a lesion of the right cerebral hemisphere and auditory neglect of sound perceived by the left ear. Because language represents an elaborate processing of auditory stimuli and the language centers were intact among these patients, it was hypothesized that interactive verbal stimuli presented in a dichotic manner would attenuate neglect. The selected participants were administered an experimental dichotic listening test composed of six types of word pairs: unrelated words, synonyms, antonyms, categorically related words, compound words, and rhyming words. Presentation of word pairs that were semantically related resulted in a dramatic reduction of auditory neglect. Dichotic presentations of rhyming words exacerbated auditory neglect. These findings suggest that the perception of auditory information is strongly affected by the specific content conveyed by the auditory system. Language centers will process a degraded stimulus that contains salient language content. A degraded auditory stimulus is neglected if it is devoid of content that activates the language centers or other cognitive systems. In general, these findings suggest that auditory neglect involves a complex interaction of intact and impaired cerebral processing centers with content that is selectively processed by these centers (JINS, 2006, 12, 649–656.)

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

What face familiarity feelings say about the lateralization of specific entities within the core system

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Gainotti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Core System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Right

Abstract The target article carefully describes the memory system, centered on the temporal lobe that builds specific memory traces. It does not, however, mention the laterality effects that exist within this system. This commentary briefly surveys evidence showing that clear asymmetries exist within the temporal lobe structures subserving the core system and that the right temporal structures mainly underpin face familiarity feelings.

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