Identification Capacities of 3- to 9-Year-Old Normal Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Hupet ◽  
Marco Citta ◽  
Jean Costermans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Information Load ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Cognitive Organization ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Stimulus Continuum ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean

The effects of information load upon the identification capacity of 3-, 7-, and 9-yr.-oId normal children ( ns = 5, 4, 3) were examined. A substantial increase in transmitted information was found as a function of the mean chronological age of the three samples. Important individual differences, however, were observed within each group, which are shown to be mostly in Ss' ability to develop and to use an efficient cognitive organization of the stimulus continuum.

Comparison of McCarthy General Cognitive Index and Wisc-R IQ for Educable Mentally Retarded, Learning Disabled, and Normal Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Naglieri
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Educable Mentally Retarded ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The relationship between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and the WISC-R Full Scale IQ was examined for 20 educable mentally retarded, 20 learning disabled, and 20 normal children aged 6 to 8½ yr. Selection of children was conducted so that the three groups would be comparable with res pea to age, sex, and race. The mean McCarthy Indexes for the retarded and learning disabled samples were significantly lower than the mean WISC-R Full Scale IQs. When the Index and Full Scale IQ were converted to a common metric and compared, the mean index for the retarded and learning disabled samples remained lower than the Full Scale IQs, although the differences were nonsignificant. The measures correlated significantly for all three samples and ranged from .51 to .82.

CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE 17-KETOGENIC STEROIDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 230-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
List Type ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Paediatric Practice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cortisone Therapy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT A method for the fractionation of the urinary 17-ketogenic steroids with no oxygen grouping at C11 and those oxygenated at C11, is applied to the clinical problems of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In normal children the mean ratio of the non-oxygenated to oxygenated steroids is 0.24. In childrern with congenital adrenal hyperplasia the ratio is 2.3. The reason for this difference in ratio is discussed. The changes in ratio found under stimulation of the adrenal gland with exogenous or endogenous corticotrophin and the suppression with cortisone therapy are studied. This test can be applied to isolated samples of urine, a major advantage in paediatric practice, and can be carried out in routine laboratories. It is found to be reliable in the diagnosis and sensitive in the control of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

An Examination of Language Samples Obtained under Three Experimental Conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise D. Stalnaker ◽  
Nancy A. Creaghead
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Head Start ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
Language Sample

Language samples were obtained from 12 Head Start preschool children under the following three experimental conditions: Condition I, Retelling a Story with Toys; Condition II, Playing with Toys; Condition III, Toys with Questions. The quantity and quality of the three samples gathered from each child were compared by analyzing the total number of utterances, the proportion of the total utterances which were sentence fragments, the number of transformations and adverbial expansions, the number of different semantic relationships, and the mean length of utterance (MLU). Results indicated that retelling a story produced the largest MLU, but toys and questions produced more utterances. These findings indicated that questioning children does not inhibit their language and asking them to retell a story may be a fruitful approach to use when gathering a language sample.

GENDER AS SCHEMATIC CATEGORY: A ROLE CONSTRUCT APPROACH

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Skitka ◽  
Christina Maslach
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Gender Schema ◽  
Natural Categories ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Related Trait

This study was designed to examine the hands of unprimed constructs people use in an openended social perception task (Kelly Rep Test, Kelly, 1955). Three samples of subjects used their own natural categories or person schemes in judgments of familiar others. Results indicated that whereas the most prevalently used constructs with familiar others are best described as idiosyncratic, gender related trait sets of Agency and Communion were used widely by most subjects, with some individual differences associated with gender role. Masculine and Feminine subjects used constructs consistent with their own gender role (Agency and Communion, respectively) more than gender role inconsistent constructs (Communion and Agency, respectively), or constructs unrelated to gender Androgynous subjects were equally likely to use Agentic and Communal categories when describing others, and used gender-related categories overall more than Undifferential subjects. Results are discussed in relationship to gender schema and self-schema theory predictions.

scholarly journals Analyzing Individual Differences in Intervention-Related Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 251524592097917
Author(s):  
Tanja Könen ◽  
Julia Karbach
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Occupational Psychology ◽  
Average Group ◽  
The Mean

Intervention studies can be expensive and time-consuming, which is why it is important to extract as much knowledge as possible. We discuss benefits and limitations of analyzing individual differences in intervention studies in addition to traditional analyses of average group effects. First, we present a short introduction to latent change modeling and measurement invariance in the context of intervention studies. Then, we give an overview on options for analyzing individual differences in intervention-related changes with a focus on how substantive information can be distinguished from methodological artifacts (e.g., regression to the mean). The main topics are benefits and limitations of predicting changes with baseline data and of analyzing correlated change. Both approaches can offer descriptive correlational information about individuals in interventions, which can inform future variations of experimental conditions. Applications increasingly emerge in the literature—from clinical, developmental, and educational psychology to occupational psychology—and demonstrate their potential across all of psychology.

Speaking Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Five- and Six-Year-Old Children with Mongolism

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Weinberg ◽  
Marsha Zlatin
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Frequency Standard ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Speaking Fundamental Frequency

Spontaneous speech samples of 27 children with trisomy-21 type Down’s syndrome and 66 normal children were tape-recorded and analyzed for mean fundamental frequency, standard deviation, and range. Results indicate that the mean speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) level for the sample of children with mongolism was significantly higher than the mean SFF level for the control sample. Approximately 50% of the children with mongolism had mean SFF levels exceeding the highest mean SFF level of their matched controls. In only two cases did the mean SFF for a child with mongolism fall below the mean SFF level for control children of the same age and sex. No child with mongolism exhibited a mean SFF level below the lowest mean SFF for any control subject. The subject in question is the clinical observation that children with mongolism typically have low voice fundamental frequency levels.

scholarly journals Injury Risk and Injury Burden Are Related to Age Group and Peak Height Velocity Among Talented Male Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596711881104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jan Bult ◽  
Maarten Barendrecht ◽  
Igor Joeri Ramon Tak
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Injury Burden

Background: The relationship between injury risk (IR) in age groups and periods around peak height velocity (PHV) remains unclear. PHV is defined as the moment of the largest increase in body height. Purpose: To investigate injury risk and injury burden as functions of growth velocity (periods around PHV) and chronological age groupings (under 12 years [U12] to U19) in talented youth male soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 170 players from the youth academy of a Dutch soccer club (highest professional league: Eredivisie) were observed for 1 to 3 seasons. Injuries, exposure, PHV age, and chronological age were registered. The injury incidence density (IID) and injury burden per 1000 hours of soccer participation, with 95% CIs, were calculated for 5 PHV periods and 7 age groups. These were compared with the overall cohort results using incidence ratios (IRs) and burden ratios (BRs) with 95% CIs. Results: The mean age at PHV was 14.4 ± 0.65 years (range, 12.8-16.5 years). The mean IID for the total cohort was 8.34 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI, 7.71-9.02). Compared with the overall mean, a significantly higher IID was found for PHV period 4+5 (IR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.00-1.71]; P = .049) and for the U15 group (IR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.24-1.79]; P < .001). The overall injury burden was 58.37 injury days per 1000 hours (95% CI, 56.66-60.13). In PHV period 4+5, the injury burden was significantly higher (BR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.39-1.68]; P < .001) when compared with the overall mean. Also, compared with the overall mean, the injury burden was higher in the U16 (BR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39-1.58]; P < .001), U15 (BR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19-1.38]; P < .001), and U17 groups (BR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.31]; P < .001). Conclusion: Talented young soccer players were more prone to injuries during the 6 months after PHV (31% above overall mean) as well as in the U15 group (49% above overall mean). Based on the higher injury burden in the U16 (48%), U15 (28%), and U17 (21%) groups, we suggest that research on injury risk factors and preventive measures should primarily target these age groups. Additional interventions based on PHV may be of limited value from a screening perspective. Further research is needed on the interaction between age groups and PHV periods.

Three-Year Stability of Certain Word-Association Indices

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. W. Preece
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
The Mean

Substantial test-retest stability of individual differences in indices of response availability and overlap in a continued word-association test was found over an interval of 3 yr. An increase in the mean values of the indices over the 3-yr. period for 20 subjects initially aged 12 yr. was confirmed.

scholarly journals Scale Invariant Contrasts of Response Latency Distributions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natarajan Sriram ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Scaling Effect ◽  
Latency Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Latency Distributions

Individual differences in general speed lead to a positive correlation between the mean and standard deviation of mean latency. This “coarse” scaling effect causes the mean latency difference (MLD) to be spuriously correlated with general speed. Within individuals, the correlation between the mean and standard deviation of trial latencies leads contrasted distributions to increase their overlap as an MLD of fixed width is translated to the right. To address this “fine” scaling effect, contrasts based on within subject latency transformations including the logarithm, standardization, and ranking were evaluated and turned out to be distinctly superior to the MLD. Notably, the mean gaussian rank latency difference was internally consistent, eliminated fine scaling, meliorated coarse scaling, reduced correlations with general speed, increased statistical power to detect within subject and between group effects, and has the potential to increase the validity of inferences drawn from response latency data.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTAGONISTIC FUNGI Gliocladium sp. AND Trichoderma harzianum TO CONTROL Colletotrichum spp. on chili (Capsicum annuum L.)

Agrivet ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Siti Dailah ◽  
Mofit Eko Poerwanto ◽  
Supono Budi Sutoto
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Fungi ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
The Mean

The productivity of chili in terms of both quality and quantity is suppressed by the attacks of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. Pesticides is commonly used to control the disease. Researched was conducted to determine the antagonistic fungi and the effective dose in inhibiting the growth of the Colletotrichum spp. Antagonistic tests were performed in vivo using the direct method with three replicates. Inhibition test was arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with 7 treatments: Control, Gliocladium sp (150, 250, and 350 mL/plant) and T. harzianum (150, 250, and 350 mL/plant) with four replicates and three samples out of 20 plants per treatment. The results showed that the percentage of inhibition of T. harzianum against Colletotrichum sp. is 55% while Gliocladium sp. is 70.33% in antagonistic test. The mean of disease intensity at 11 up to 32 DAI on control is 5.61 ± 0.71% up to 20.30 ± 1.35 % respectively. It is significantly higher than Gliocladium sp. 350 mL/Plant (1.94 ± 0.45 % up to 11.15 ± 0.87 %), T. harzianum 350 mL/Plant (1.10 ± 0.58 % up to 8.68 ± 0.91 %), and T. harzianum 250 mL/Plant (2.28 ± 0.43 % up to 8.75 ± 0.79 %). No significant different is observed on mean of fresh weight of red chili fruit yield per plant. T. harzianum and Gliocladium sp. fungi are effective in controlling the attack of anthracnose disease in chili. The most efficient dose to control anthracnose disease is the application of T. Harzianum or Gliocladium sp at the dose of 250 mL/plant.Key Words: Chilli, Anthracnose, Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Colletotrichum.

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