Influence of calcareous nodules content on scaling effect in shear strength of cohesive soil containing calcareous nodules

The difference in the shear strength and other characteristics of the cohesive soil containing calcareous nodules (CSCN) between samples with large size and corresponding scaling size, which is called scaling effect, is significantly affected by its calcareous nodule content (CNC) of the gradation composition. However, current researches rarely reveal the influence of the CNC on the scaling effect in shear strength of samples. In this study, how and why the CNC affects the scaling effect in shear strength were explored. Then a method to reduce the scaling effect based on the reason for influence was proposed. Results show that the correlation between the scaling effect in shear strength and the CNC presents a step curve. This is attributed to that it is easier to form a skeleton effect in samples with scaling size for the same CNC. Considering the skeleton effect, a calculation model for the shear strength parameters of CSCN samples with large size is proposed to reduce the scaling effect. This paper demonstrates that the proposed calculation model provides an access to obtain calculated shear strength parameters of CSCN samples with large size by using measured results of samples with corresponding scaling size.

Reducing Scaling Effect on Downscaled Land Surface Temperature Maps in Heterogenous Urban Environments

The literature review indicates that a scaling effect does exist in downscaling land surface temperature (DLST) processes, and no substantial methods were specially developed for addressing it. In this research, the main aim is to develop a new method to reduce the scaling effect on DLST maps at high resolutions. A thermal component-based thermal spectral unmixing (TSU) model was modified and a multiple regression (REG) model was adopted to create DLST maps at high resolutions. A combined variance of red and NIR bands at a very high resolution with a difference image between upscaled LST and DLST was used to develop a new method. With two case data sets, LSTs at coarse resolutions were downscaled by using the modified TSU model and the REG model to create DLST results. The new method with a correction term expression (a linear model created by using a semi-empirical approach) was used to improve the DLST maps in the two case study areas. The experimental results indicate that the new method could reduce the root mean square error and the mean absolute error >30% and >33%, respectively, and thus demonstrate that the proposed method was effective and significant, especially reducing the scaling effect on DLST results at very high resolutions. The novel significance for the new method is directly reducing the scaling effect on DLST maps at high resolutions.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCHES OF THE DEPOSITION OF ASPHALT-RESINOUS SUBSTANCES, PARAFFIN, AND MODELING METHODS. REVIEW PART II: WAX DEPOSITION

The mechanism of paraffin formation in transport pipes is briefly discussed. A kinetic model of the formation and wax deposition from oil is proposed. Comparison of the model with the available experimental data gave satisfactory results. The review considers software tools for modeling the wax deposition process. It is noted that the simulation results are not always applicable to real field cases. For a more reliable interpretation, the scaling effect must be taken into account. In the work various technologies for wax removal are considered

Airbnb Host Scaling, Seasonal Patterns, and Competition

This paper explores the scaling (size) effect in the seasonal patterns, a proxy for competitive threats, of Airbnb’s host providers, with the aim of understanding possible similarities and differences. This explorative study uses the city of Milan (Italy) as a case and daily occupancy data from Airbnb listings for four completed years (2015–2018). A mutual information-based technique was applied to assess possible synchronizations in the seasonal patterns. Empirical findings show progressive dissimilarities when moving from single to multiple listings, thus indicating a differentiation correlated to the presence of managed listings. There are fewer differences during the seasonal periods more centered around leisure clients and they are higher when considering business travelers. The evidence supports the scaling effect and its ability to reduce the competitive threat among different hosts.

Cooperative Single-Atom Active Centers for Attenuating Linear Scaling Effect in Nitrogen Reduction Reaction

We elucidate how the cooperation of two active centers can attenuate the linear scaling effect in NRR, through the first-principle study on 39 SACs comprised of two adjacent (~4 Å apart) four N-coordinated metal centers (MN₄ duo) embedded in graphene.

Cooperative Single-Atom Active Centers for Attenuating Linear Scaling Effect in Nitrogen Reduction Reaction

We elucidate how the cooperation of two active centers can attenuate the linear scaling effect in NRR, through the first-principle study on 39 SACs comprised of two adjacent (~4 Å apart) four N-coordinated metal centers (MN₄ duo) embedded in graphene.