Labeling, Attention and Perception, a Developmental Study

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Abraham Sagi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Differential Perception ◽  
American Children ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
Cultural Data

96 7- and 9-yr.-olds were under four experimental conditions. A “distinctive label” group ( n = 24) associated four different gender-cued labels with four infants' faces. An “equivalent label” group ( n = 24) associated only two of these labels. There were also two no-label groups ( ns =: 24), “differential perception” and “perception.” In the former, perceptual cues were provided; no cues were provided in the latter. The main measure was a test of perception. 9-yr.-olds were not affected by the labels, 7-yr.-olds were but more significantly so during initial trials. It is proposed that perception is affected by labels, learning, and selective attention. These effects are determined developmentally. As age increases the effects of verbal cues diminish and of perceptual cues increase. The findings are related to cross-cultural data, indicating that Israeli toddlers classify according to gender earlier than do American children. This is probably because Hebrew more than English contains distinctive linguistic cues related to sex.

Verbal Facilitation of Class-Inclusion Reasoning: Children Tested in Their Dominant or Subordinate Language

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Padilla ◽  
Arthur Romero
Keyword(s):  
Mexican American ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Class Inclusion ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
American Children ◽  
Verbal Facilitation

Two explanations for verbal facilitation of class-inclusion reasoning have been suggested. One attributes the effect to differences in the interpretation of linguistic cues. The other considers the effect to be a product of distracting perceptual cues. 44 male and 44 female, third and fifth grade Mexican-American children categorized as either English- or Spanish-language dominant were presented both verbal and pictorial type class-inclusion questions. Half of the children were tested in their dominant language, the other half in their subordinate language. Results indicate that the verbal-type questions produced more correct responses than the pictorial questions. It is concluded that verbal facilitation is due to absence of distracting perceptual cues.

Making the most of individual differences in joint decisions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahador Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Wisdom Of Crowds ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Joint Decisions ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Better Than

Evidence for and against the idea that “two heads are better than one” is abundant. This chapter considers the contextual conditions and social norms that predict madness or wisdom of crowds to identify the adaptive value of collective decision-making beyond increased accuracy. Similarity of competence among members of a collective impacts collective accuracy, but interacting individuals often seem to operate under the assumption that they are equally competent even when direct evidence suggest the opposite and dyadic performance suffers. Cross-cultural data from Iran, China, and Denmark support this assumption of similarity (i.e., equality bias) as a sensible heuristic that works most of the time and simplifies social interaction. Crowds often trade off accuracy for other collective benefits such as diffusion of responsibility and reduction of regret. Consequently, two heads are sometimes better than one, but no-one holds the collective accountable, not even for the most disastrous of outcomes.

scholarly journals Examination of Heterogeneous Societies

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Kano Glückstad ◽  
Mikkel N. Schmidt ◽  
Morten Mørup
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Applied Model ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cultural Data

The recent development of data analytic tools rooted around the Multi-Group Latent Class Analysis (MGLCA) has enabled the examination of heterogeneous datasets in a cross-cultural context. Although the MGLCA is considered as an established and popular cross-cultural data analysis approach, the infinite relational model (IRM) is a new and disruptive type of unsupervised clustering approach that has been developed recently by cognitive psychologists and computer scientists. In this article, an extended version of the IRM coined the multinominal IRM—or mIRM in short—is applied to a cross-cultural analysis of survey data available from the World Value Survey organization. Specifically, the present work analyzes response patterns of the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) representing Schwartz’s 10 basic values of Japanese and Swedes. The applied model exposes heterogeneous structures of the two societies consisting of fine-grained response patterns expressed by the respective subpopulations and extracts latent typological structures contrasting and highlighting similarities and differences between these two societies. In the final section, we discuss similarities and differences identified between the MGLCA and the mIRM approaches, which indicate potential applications and contributions of the mIRM and the general IRM framework for future cross-cultural data analyses.

A Cross-Cultural Study of Need for Achievement in Italian and American Children

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 590-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland C. Lowe ◽  
Michaela Wilczynski
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Need For Achievement ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Children

Need for achievement was examined in TAT records of 20 children in Italy and 20 in the USA. As predicted, Italian girls showed the lowest mean score on need for achievement.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural data shows musical scales evolved to maximise imperfect fifths

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcbride ◽  
Tsvi Tlusty
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Musical Scales

Musical scales are used throughout the world, but the question of how they evolved remains open. Some suggest that scales based on the harmonic series are inherently pleasant, while others propose that scales are chosen that are easy to communicate.However, testing these theories has been hindered by the sparseness of empirical evidence. Here, we assimilate data from diverse ethnomusicological sources into a cross-cultural database of scales. We generate populations of scales based on multiple theories and assess their similarity to empirical distributions from the database. Most scales tend to include intervals which are close in size to perfect fifths (“imperfect fifths”), and packing arguments explain the salient features of the distributions. Scales are also preferred if their intervals are compressible, which may facilitate efficient communication and memory of melodies. While scales appear to evolve according to various selection pressures, the simplest, imperfect-fifths packing model best fits the empirical data.

The Role of Incubation in Creative Problem Solving: Within a Collectivistic Cultural Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Rabia Anjum ◽  
Ivan Suneel
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Creative Problem

Creative thinking is essential for the progress in education, industry and life in general. Incubation is a widely studied phenomenon in creativity research, referring to leaving a problem aside for a period, to accrue performance on a creative problem. This study investigated the effect of incubation on creative problem-solving by means of a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, and remote associates tasks (RATs) were used as a measure of creative problem-solving. For this purpose, a sample of 60 students (22 males, 38 females) was recruited from the population of a private university. They were assigned to a control condition and two different experimental conditions based on the time of onset of incubation. The data collected was analyzed for a significant effect across all conditions by means of a chi-squared test and covariates were inferred by means of Spearman's Rho, with a significance level set at ?<.05. The results did not find an incubation effect in creative problem-solving, and several possible explanations may account for this trend, especially the limited cross-cultural application of measurement tools and theoretical paradigms. The disparity is especially prominent with regards to Pakistan, which is predominantly collectivistic, and the educational system stymies creative thinking. Future research must take into account the relevance of culture in creative problem-solving, and propose solutions to circumvent the dearth of creative potential in developing nations such as Pakistan. Keywords: Incubation, Creative Problem-Solving, Creativity, Remote Associate Tasks, Cross-Cultural Psychology

What the human annals tell us

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen J. Broude
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Cultural Data

Evidence reveals numerous cross-cultural universals regarding human mental processes and behavior. Similarly, cross-cultural data are consistent with predictions from theories of kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and sexual selection inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Thus, the “annals of human behaviour” do provide “example[s] fitting the sociobiological bill,” (Lifelines, p. 202) thereby, supporting sociobiological accounts of human behavior.

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