Cross-Validation of Sex-Role Measures for Children with Correlation of Sex-Role Measures for Children and Parents

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-890
Author(s):  
Robert C. Newman ◽  
Richard E. Carney
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Classroom Teachers ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Role Adoption

Second-grade children (21 boys, 14 girls) and both parents from intact, middle-class, at least second generation U.S. citizenship homes responded to measures of sex-role adoption, concepts, and preference. Classroom teachers rated children's sex-role adoption. Both adults and children had clear sex differences on means of measures of sex-role preference and adoption. Boys and girls showed close agreement as to the stereotypic sex-role concepts with little overlap between the distributions of concept scores characterizing boys and girls. Parents tended to adjust their preferences toward those more stereotypic for the sex of their child. The sex-role adoption by children tended to be positively correlated with the sex-role adoption by their mothers. Girls also had such correlations between their sex-role adoption and father's sex-role preference and stereotypic sex-role concepts.

Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girls ◽  
Role Preference

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.

Variance of Sex-Role Preference among Boys and Girls

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Young Girls ◽  
Role Preference

This study tested the prediction that young girls would show greater group variance than young boys would in a measure of sex-role preference. The prediction was inconsistent with some previous research and was based upon certain assumptions concerning the development of sex-role preference. 48 pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, first-, and second-grade children were given a sex-oriented toy-preference test. The prediction was supported ( p < .01); boys preferred boys' toys more than girls preferred girls' toys ( p < .01). Older children preferred own-sexed toys more than the younger ones did ( p < .05).

Sex-Role Preference in Children: Individual and Group Administration of the it Scale for Children

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter R. Duryea
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Individual Test ◽  
Role Preference ◽  
Group Variation

Children in first grade were administered the It Scale in two versions, the standard individual test and a group variation. Both tests were sensitive to sex differences and the correlation of scores on the two versions was significant.

Classroom Teacher and Speech Clinician Severity Ratings of Different Speech Disorders

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Wertz ◽  
Michael D. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Classroom Teacher ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Classroom Teachers

Typical examples of four different speech disorders—voice, cleft palate, articulation, and stuttering—were ranked for severity by kindergarten, first-grade, second-grade, and third-grade teachers and by public school speech clinicians. Results indicated that classroom teachers, as a group, moderately agreed with speech clinicians regarding the severity of different speech disorders, and classroom teachers displayed significantly more agreement among themselves than did the speech clinicians.

Sex differences in sex-role conceptions and family orientation of high school students

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley S. Angrist ◽  
Richard Mickelsen ◽  
Anthony N. Penna
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
School Students ◽  
Family Orientation ◽  
Role Conceptions

Rotary Pursuit Performance as a Function of Sex, Sex-Role, and Intertrial Interval

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy L. Wisner ◽  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
John F. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Massed Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rotary Pursuit ◽  
Practice Condition ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Better Than

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.

scholarly journals Sex-biased immunity is driven by relative differences in reproductive investment

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1790) ◽  
pp. 20140333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal M. Vincent ◽  
Darryl T. Gwynne
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Paternal Investment ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Relative Differences

Sex differences in immunity are often observed, with males generally having a weaker immune system than females. However, recent data in a sex-role-reversed species in which females compete to mate with males suggest that sexually competitive females have a weaker immune response. These findings support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in immunity has evolved in response to sex-specific fitness returns of investment in traits such as parental investment and longevity, but the scarcity of data in sex-reversed species prevents us from drawing general conclusions. Using an insect species in which males make a large but variable parental investment in their offspring, we use two indicators of immunocompetence to test the hypothesis that sex-biased immunity is determined by differences in parental investment. We found that when the value of paternal investment was experimentally increased, male immune investment became relatively greater than that of females. Thus, in this system, in which the direction of sexual competition is plastic, the direction of sex-biased immunity is also plastic and appears to track relative parental investment.

A Theory of Unmitigated Communion

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki S. Helgeson ◽  
Heidi L. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Unmitigated Communion ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Behavioral Features ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

Research has established that women suffer more often than men from depression. Sex role socialization has been offered as one explanation for this sex difference, but traditional measures of female gender-related traits are not related to depressive symptoms. We argue that thus far research has failed to distinguish the traditional measure of female gender-related traits, communion, from another set of gender-related traits, unmitigated communion. Unmitigated communion is a focus on and involvement with others to the exclusion of the self. Unmitigated communion, but not communion, is related to psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, and accounts for sex differences in distress. We examine the relation of unmitigated communion to communion as well as other personality constructs and then describe the cognitive and behavioral features of unmitigated communion. We note the implications of unmitigated communion for physical and psychological well-being and speculate on possible origins.

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