Interpretations of Rod-and-Frame Test Scores: An Application of Pattern Analysis

Rod-and-frame test data of 100 undergraduates were analyzed by a recently developed pattern analysis and several interpretations of their test scores were considered. Pattern analysis showed (a) that most subjects (about 65%) tilt toward the spatial position of the frame and (b) that some (about 30%) utilize two frame cues, i.e., the nearest to vertical side and corner of the frame. Tilting to the starting position of the rod and tilting away from the frame or the starting position of the rod were not viable interpretations.

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Pattern Analysis of Rod-and-Frame Test Data

Educational and Psychological Measurement ◽

10.1177/001316448304300111 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 81-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Otto Haller ◽

Eugene S. Edgington

Keyword(s):

Test Data ◽

Pattern Analysis ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

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Spanish Children's Scores on Children's Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1259 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1259-1263 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juan Antonio Amador-Campos ◽

Teresa Kirchner-Nebot

Keyword(s):

Field Dependence ◽

Test Scores ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Embedded Figures ◽

Measure Field ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Rod and Frame Test were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls of an average age of 9.03 years to measure field dependence-independence. No significant gender-related differences were found on either test. Scores on these tests were moderately and significantly correlated.

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Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0065321 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. e65321 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jeff Bagust ◽

Sharon Docherty ◽

Wayne Haynes ◽

Richard Telford ◽

Brice Isableu

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Test Scores ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

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Sex Differences in Feedback: Effects on Rod-and-Frame Performance

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1979.48.3c.1279 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 48 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1279-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. Erdos

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Feedback Effects ◽

Starting Position ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Males And Females ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.

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Effect of Geometrical Structure on Perception of the Vertical in the Rod-and-Frame Test

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.583 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 583-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Helmuth Nyborg

Keyword(s):

Geometrical Structure ◽

New Method ◽

Male And Female ◽

Identical Stimulus ◽

Starting Position ◽

Response Consistency ◽

The Relationship ◽

Constant Deviation ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Male and female subjects were selected on the basis of their unsigned deviation scores (USD) in the rod-and-frame test to be retested and scored by a new method. The new method analyzes performance on this task in terms of the effect of the tilt of the frame (φ), the constant deviation (μ), the starting position of the rod (ρ), and the response consistency (σ) of each subject. The geometrical structure of the frame was varied by changing the number of identical stimulus elements in it. Variations in the geometrical structure of the frame affected φ-scores primarily in subjects with significantly high φ-scores (frame-dependent subjects). Variations in the frame's geometrical structure did not affect μ or p. The relationship between USD-scores and the values for φ, μ, and ρ for each subject is discussed.

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Correlation between Field Dependence-Independence and Handball Shooting by Swedish National Male Handball Players

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1395 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1395-1398 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Erwin Apitzsch ◽

Wen Hao Liu

Keyword(s):

Field Dependence ◽

Test Scores ◽

Field Independence ◽

Ball Game ◽

Game Performance ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Contradictory claims exist as to whether field dependence or field independence is advantageous to team ball-game performance. For further investigation, Swedish national male handball players' Rod-and-Frame Test scores were correlated with their field-goal shooting attempts and shooting efficiency in the '94 European Handball Championship. No significant correlation was found; discussion followed.

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Ego Defenses and Perceptual Styles

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1970.30.2.599 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 599-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Norman Bogo ◽

Carolyn Winget ◽

Goldine C. Gleser

Keyword(s):

Test Scores ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Ego Defenses ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Field Independent ◽

Perceptual Styles ◽

Figure Drawing ◽

Personality Construct ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

This study explored similarities between Voth's personality construct (ego-close—ego-distant) and that of Witkin (field-dependent—field-independent), especially with reference to ego defenses. A measure of autokinesis, the Figure-drawing Test, the Rod-and-frame Test and the Defense Mechanisms Inventory were administered to 45 men and 52 women. The correlations between autokinetic scores and the Figure-drawing Test and Rod-and-frame Test scores were of low order and not significant. Correlations between Figure-drawing and Rod-and-frame Test scores and between combined Figure-drawing—Rod-and-frame scores and the subcategories of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory tended to confirm previous findings. Predicted relations between the autokinetic effect and ego defenses were obtained only for men. Other significant sex differences are presented. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.

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The Rod-and-Frame Test: Some Comments on Methodology

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1968.26.3c.1307 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1307-1314 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Gene Lester

Keyword(s):

Head Position ◽

Position Effects ◽

Starting Position ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The technique of the Rod-and-frame Test as used by most psychologists is criticized for difficulties in control of head position, starting position effects, control readings, and the effect of instructions. Differences in results reported with Witkin's method and with other methods are discussed.

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Dogmatism and Field-Dependency

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1965.20.3c.1046 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1046-1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

David T. Hellkamp ◽

John N. Marr

Keyword(s):

Test Scores ◽

Perceptual Process ◽

Test Items ◽

Field Dependency ◽

The Relationship ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

To clarify the nature of the relationship between dogmatism and field-dependency, 38 male Catholics were administered the Dogmatism Test and the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). (1) Dogmatism Test scores were correlated with RFT performance. (2) Responses to items on the Dogmatism Test judged as measures of dependency were correlated with RFT performance. (3) Responses to Dogmatism Test items which Rokeach considered to be measuring authoritarianism were correlated with RFT performance. All three correlations were not significant, indicating that dogmatism and field-dependency emphasize two distinct aspects in the perceptual process.

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A New Procedure for Determining Components of Field Dependency

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1981.53.3.795 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 795-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Otto Haller

Keyword(s):

Test Data ◽

Constant Error ◽

Digit Span ◽

Error Component ◽

Complex Field ◽

Men And Women ◽

Field Dependency ◽

Component Scores ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Rod-and-frame component scores can be derived from an over-all deviation score which measures direction and amount of rod tilt from vertical. Nyborg (1974) presented one procedure for deriving component scores, another procedure is presented here. This procedure is appropriate to determine whether the rod or the frame is used as a predominant and consistent cue for verticality. Also, rod-and-frame test data are presented as a function of performance on a backward digit-span test. The over-all result can be described as an interaction of complex field-dependency category by sex. The constant error component may complicate this interaction. The results show that there are several kinds of field dependencies and that one kind of field dependency may have a different meaning for men and women.

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