A New Procedure for Determining Components of Field Dependency

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Haller
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Error Component ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Component Scores ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Rod-and-frame component scores can be derived from an over-all deviation score which measures direction and amount of rod tilt from vertical. Nyborg (1974) presented one procedure for deriving component scores, another procedure is presented here. This procedure is appropriate to determine whether the rod or the frame is used as a predominant and consistent cue for verticality. Also, rod-and-frame test data are presented as a function of performance on a backward digit-span test. The over-all result can be described as an interaction of complex field-dependency category by sex. The constant error component may complicate this interaction. The results show that there are several kinds of field dependencies and that one kind of field dependency may have a different meaning for men and women.

Relationship of Rod-And-Frame Test Performance to two Dimensions of the Personality Assessment System

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Harry Frank ◽  
Randy Tubbs
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

It was hypothesized that performance on the rod-and-frame test taps primitive level Externalizer-lnternalizer and Regulated-Flexible functioning as conceptualized in Gittinger's Personality Assessment System. Four criterion groups (primitive Flexible Externalizers, Flexible Internalizers, Regulated Externalizers, and Regulated Internalizers), each of which included 8 Ss, were defined by configural nomethetic scores on the Block Design and Digit Span subtests of the WAIS. A two-way analysis of variance indicated that rod-and-frame test scores were significantly related to primitive Externalizer-lnternalizer (p < .005) and to primitive Regulated-Flexible (p < .05) tendencies. Discussion considers personality correlates of WAIS performance and the construct validity of field dependence-independence.

Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables Related to Orientation to Clothing

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne P. Kernaleguen
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Body Boundary ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

56 college Ss were classified into 4 groups on the basis of sex and extreme scores in field dependence. They were compared on performance and directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test; 2 measures of body boundary, namely, barrier and penetration; masculinity—feminity; psychological security and 2 orientations to clothing. Significant main effects of sex were discerned for field dependence and penetration while significance was approached for both a reward-seeking orientation to clothing and barrier. There was a significant effect of field dependence on directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test. A reward-seeking orientation did not correlate with field dependence; however, seeking rewards covaried with barrier for both men and women. There was an association between a reward-seeking and dressing-to-be-different-from-others orientation to clothing.

Effect of Stress on Field Dependence

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-122
Author(s):  
Viktor Sarris ◽  
Edgar Heineken ◽  
Hildegard Peters
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Control Situation ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

60 subjects were tested in the rod-and-frame test under flicker conditions (stress). As compared to scores in a control situation (no flicker), the rod-and-frame scores were large under stress and increased monotonically during the session. Furthermore, both intra- and interindividual variability of rod-and-frame performance changed under stress conditions in a consistent manner. The general results, which clearly point to a reliable influence of stress on field dependency, are discussed within the methodological framework of Witkin's theory of perception and personality.

Field-Independent Architecture Students

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Peterson ◽  
Glenn Sweitzer
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

From current knowledge of what an architect “is” and the concepts of “psychological differentiation” several predictions were made about field independency of architecture students compared with other university students. The Rod-and-frame Test used to test field dependency-independency was given to a group of 20 university students and to three groups of 20 each of architectural students. As hypothesized, the latter were more field-independent and varied less than college Ss. Contrary to prediction field-independency does not decrease over the years in architecture. Some theoretical and experimental limitations of the RFT and knowledge about architects are pointed out.

Comparison of Selected Measures of Field Dependence

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-862
Author(s):  
Karen L. Fry ◽  
David S. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

An examination was made to determine the extent to which the Flexibility of Closure subtest from Hakstian and Cattell's Comprehensive Ability Battery could be substituted for Witkin's Rod-and-frame Test of field dependency. Although the data for 48 subjects (aged 11 to 17 yr.) yielded a significant zero-order correlation between the two tests for females, it was judged insufficient to warrant substitution of the former for the latter test.

Field Dependence: Experimenters' Expectancy, Sex Difference or No Difference?

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Munoz Peplin ◽  
Janet D. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Expectancy Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Expected Outcomes

The possibility that sex differences found in previous research on field dependence may have been due partly to experimenters' expectancy was investigated. Three pairs of naive student-experimenters received different information about expected outcomes for males and females on the Rod and Frame Test and the Embedded Figures Test. There was no evidence of an experimenters' expectancy effect, but there was also no significant difference in the performance of men and women on these two tests of field dependence.

Autokinesis and Psychological Differentiation

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103E ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cancro ◽  
Harold M. Voth
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

105 paid, normal volunteers, of whom 77 were women, were administered the rod-and-frame test (RFT), the embedded-figures test (EFT), and the autokinetic test. Despite the similarity in personality correlates associated with these tests, there were no significant correlations—linear or curvilinear—between the measures of psychological differentiation and autokinesis. There were still no significant correlations when the men and women were treated as separate groups. Taking the extreme cases on the autokinetic test and comparing group means on the RFT and EFT still failed to yield a significant difference. The authors infer that these measures are independent, although the design of the study does not permit this inference to be stated as a conclusion.

Perceptual Differences of Ss Classified as Reward Seekers and Punishment Avoiders

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Bell ◽  
Donald L. Mc Manis
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Perceptual Differences ◽  
Test Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

College Ss classified as reward-seeking or punishment-avoiding were tested for field-dependency on Witkin's rod-and-frame test. Female Ss were significantly more field-dependent than male Ss ( p < .01). Whereas the punishment-avoiding females were more field-dependent than the reward-seeking females, the opposite relation between orientation and field dependency was found for the males, resulting in a significant interaction ( p < .05). These results were replicated when the effect of intelligence was factored out, indicating that orientation rather than intelligence produced the perceptual differences. These findings indicated greater perceptual rigidity in the punishment-avoiding females but not in the males.

Dogmatism and Field-Dependency

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1046-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Hellkamp ◽  
John N. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

To clarify the nature of the relationship between dogmatism and field-dependency, 38 male Catholics were administered the Dogmatism Test and the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). (1) Dogmatism Test scores were correlated with RFT performance. (2) Responses to items on the Dogmatism Test judged as measures of dependency were correlated with RFT performance. (3) Responses to Dogmatism Test items which Rokeach considered to be measuring authoritarianism were correlated with RFT performance. All three correlations were not significant, indicating that dogmatism and field-dependency emphasize two distinct aspects in the perceptual process.

Scoring Rod-and-Frame Tests: Quantitative and Qualitative Considerations

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Haller ◽  
Eugene S. Edgington
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Fortran Program ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Computer Scoring ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Inconsistent Responding ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

An examination of current scoring procedures on the rod-and-frame test showed that these procedures depend on unrealistic assumptions about subjects' performance on the rod-and-frame test. A more general scoring procedure with more realistic assumptions was outlined and illustrated. Like the 1974 Nyborg procedure, this one (a) corrects for constant error, an error unrelated to current concepts of field dependence, (b) is sensitive to a subject's response strategy and choice of cues, i.e., a subject's qualitative aspects of rod-and-frame test performance, and (c) discriminates consistent from inconsistent responding. However, unlike Nyborg's procedure, this one also expresses field dependence relative to maximal field dependence given a subject's response strategy and choice of cue and utilizes all available information. This procedure is useful for the investigation of qualitative and quantitative aspects of rod-and-frame test performance and individual differences in laterality bias as defined by a constant error. Since this scoring procedure relies on computer scoring, a FORTRAN program has been made available.

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