Effect of Geometrical Structure on Perception of the Vertical in the Rod-and-Frame Test

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmuth Nyborg
Keyword(s):  
Geometrical Structure ◽  
New Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Identical Stimulus ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Response Consistency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constant Deviation ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Male and female subjects were selected on the basis of their unsigned deviation scores (USD) in the rod-and-frame test to be retested and scored by a new method. The new method analyzes performance on this task in terms of the effect of the tilt of the frame (φ), the constant deviation (μ), the starting position of the rod (ρ), and the response consistency (σ) of each subject. The geometrical structure of the frame was varied by changing the number of identical stimulus elements in it. Variations in the geometrical structure of the frame affected φ-scores primarily in subjects with significantly high φ-scores (frame-dependent subjects). Variations in the frame's geometrical structure did not affect μ or p. The relationship between USD-scores and the values for φ, μ, and ρ for each subject is discussed.

Perceptual and Interpersonal Measures of Field Dependence

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe B. Alexander ◽  
Howard E. Gudeman
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Measures Of Dependence ◽  
Dependence Measures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

This study was concerned with the relationship between perceptual and interpersonal measures of dependence for a sample of 60 male Ss. Four groups of alcoholics, one group of hospitalized psychiatric patients, and a group of normals were compared on the Rod and Frame Test and three laboratory interpersonal tasks to evaluate the hypothesis that perceptual and interpersonal dependence measures are significantly related. The results only partially confirmed the hypothesis. The over-all correlation was significant, as was the over-all correlation for four groups of alcoholics. Only two of the six subgroup correlations, however, were significant. These results suggest the need for further study, using larger sample sizes, to determine the specific relationship of the two variables.

Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

Maternal Differentiation, Onset and Type of Father's Absence and Psychological Differentiation in Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1152
Author(s):  
Ira S. Gershansky ◽  
Louise Hainline ◽  
Harris S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
At Home

The relationship between mothers' and children's levels of psychological differentiation as measured by the rod-and-frame test and the effects of onset and nature of father's absence on this relationship were explored for 209 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. and their mothers. There were significantly higher correlations between the scores of children whose fathers were present at home and their mothers than for children whose fathers were absent from home and their mothers. Over-all no significant differences in the mother-child correlations were observed between families where the father's absence resulted from divorce, separation, or desertion and families in which the father had died, although when age of the child at the onset of the father's absence was considered there were significant differences between the group where the father's absence resulted from divorce, separation, or desertion and the group where the father had died.

Sex Differences in Feedback: Effects on Rod-and-Frame Performance

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1279-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Erdos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.

Effects of Onset and Type of Fathers' Absence on Children's Levels of Psychological Differentiation

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1263-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira S. Gershansky ◽  
Louise Hainline ◽  
Harris S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Perceptual Dimension ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The present study examined the relationship between onset and type of father's absence and children's levels of psychological differentiation defined along the perceptual dimension of field-dependence/independence. The portable Rod-and-frame Test was used to measure the level of psychological differentiation for 100 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. In agreement with previous findings, boys were significantly more field-independent than girls. A significant interaction was noted between the reason for the father's absence and the age of the child when the father left the home.

Field-Dependence, Extraversion and Perception of the Vertical: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives of the Rod-and-Frame Test

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Fine ◽  
Armand V. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field-dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that “what has … been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.”

The Rod-and-Frame Test: Some Comments on Methodology

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1307-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene Lester
Keyword(s):  
Head Position ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The technique of the Rod-and-frame Test as used by most psychologists is criticized for difficulties in control of head position, starting position effects, control readings, and the effect of instructions. Differences in results reported with Witkin's method and with other methods are discussed.

Dogmatism and Field-Dependency

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1046-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Hellkamp ◽  
John N. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

To clarify the nature of the relationship between dogmatism and field-dependency, 38 male Catholics were administered the Dogmatism Test and the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). (1) Dogmatism Test scores were correlated with RFT performance. (2) Responses to items on the Dogmatism Test judged as measures of dependency were correlated with RFT performance. (3) Responses to Dogmatism Test items which Rokeach considered to be measuring authoritarianism were correlated with RFT performance. All three correlations were not significant, indicating that dogmatism and field-dependency emphasize two distinct aspects in the perceptual process.

Field Dependence and Distraction in a Simple Psychomotor Task with a Constant Foreperiod

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey H. Blowers
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Rod-and-frame errors are thought to reflect differential abilities in selective attention. For this reason a study of the relationship of field dependence to distraction should involve Ss whose field-dependence scores have been determined specifically by the rod-and-frame test. It is thought that discrepancies in the results of previous work might be accounted for by lack of consistent use of these scores. The present study involved distraction in a simple reaction-time paradigm using 10 field-dependent and 10 field-independent Ss. There was no correlation between distraction and field dependence although it may be that a larger difference in field-dependence scores between groups is required to detect differences in susceptibility to distraction.

Interpretations of Rod-and-Frame Test Scores: An Application of Pattern Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1339-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Haller ◽  
Eugene S. Edgington
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Vertical Side ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Rod-and-frame test data of 100 undergraduates were analyzed by a recently developed pattern analysis and several interpretations of their test scores were considered. Pattern analysis showed (a) that most subjects (about 65%) tilt toward the spatial position of the frame and (b) that some (about 30%) utilize two frame cues, i.e., the nearest to vertical side and corner of the frame. Tilting to the starting position of the rod and tilting away from the frame or the starting position of the rod were not viable interpretations.

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