Classical Conditioning of Beginning Reading Responses

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Montare
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Incremental Learning ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Beginning Reading ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
System Level ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Signalling System ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Classically Conditioned

The present study describes the first demonstration that laboratory-controlled experimental procedures can lead to the successful acquisition and subsequent retention of classically conditioned beginning reading responses (CCBRRs) in children of both sexes and mean age of 4 yr. Anticipatory instructions combined with higher-order classical conditioning temporally arranged into a trace conditioning paradigm presented for 10 trials for each response to be learned led to beginning reading responses being successfully acquired by 20 children during 95% of the 2,220 total acquisition learning trials and subsequently correctly recalled on 114 of the 222 retention test trials. Findings support the view that perhaps the relatively sudden and sustained acquisition learning curves for reading responses on the second-signalling-system level of behavior in the present study may be quite different from the relatively slow and incremental learning curves usually obtained in classical conditioning of the autonomic type which occur on the first-signalling-system level.

scholarly journals Role of the motor cortex in the generation of classically conditioned eyelid and vibrissae responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. López-Ramos ◽  
José M. Delgado-García
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Classically Conditioned

AbstractThe eyelid motor system has been used for years as an experimental model for studying the neuronal mechanisms underlying motor and cognitive learning, mainly with classical conditioning procedures. Nonetheless, it is not known yet which brain structures, or neuronal mechanisms, are responsible for the acquisition, storage, and expression of these motor responses. Here, we studied the temporal correlation between unitary activities of identified eyelid and vibrissae motor cortex neurons and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi and vibrissae muscles and magnetically recorded eyelid positions during classical conditioning of eyelid and vibrissae responses, using both delay and trace conditioning paradigms in behaving mice. We also studied the involvement of motor cortex neurons in reflexively evoked eyelid responses and the kinematics and oscillatory properties of eyelid movements evoked by motor cortex microstimulation. Results show the involvement of the motor cortex in the performance of conditioned responses elicited during the classical conditioning task. However, a timing correlation analysis showed that both electromyographic activities preceded the firing of motor cortex neurons, which must therefore be related more with the reinforcement and/or proper performance of the conditioned responses than with their acquisition and storage.

Classical Conditioning of the Arterial Pressor Response

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-533
Author(s):  
John T. Braggio ◽  
Kenneth J. Dormer
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Us ◽  
Classically Conditioned

In this experiment the arterial pressor response in a dog was classically conditioned. Aseptic surgical procedures were used to implant electrodes chronically in the fastigial nucleus (FN) and cardiovascular instrumentation. The CS was a tone and the US was one of three different intensities of electrical stimulation. It was found that US intensity determined the magnitude of the conditioned pressor response which occurred in conditioning and extinction. These preliminary results indicate that a classical conditioning paradigm can be used to evaluate the degree to which learning can modify the fastigal nucleus-produced arterial pressor response.

scholarly journals A VTA GABAergic computational model of dissociated reward prediction error computation in classical conditioning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kaushik ◽  
Jérémie Naudé ◽  
Surampudi Bapi Raju ◽  
Frédéric Alexandre
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
System Level ◽  
Reward Prediction Error ◽  
Twin Peaks ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Error Computation

AbstractClassical Conditioning is a fundamental learning mechanism where the Ventral Striatum is generally thought to be the source of inhibition to Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) Dopamine neurons when a reward is expected. However, recent evidences point to a new candidate in VTA GABA encoding expectation for computing the reward prediction error in the VTA. In this system-level computational model, the VTA GABA signal is hypothesised to be a combination of magnitude and timing computed in the Peduncolopontine and Ventral Striatum respectively. This dissociation enables the model to explain recent results wherein Ventral Striatum lesions affected the temporal expectation of the reward but the magnitude of the reward was intact. This model also exhibits other features in classical conditioning namely, progressively decreasing firing for early rewards closer to the actual reward, twin peaks of VTA dopamine during training and cancellation of US dopamine after training.

Information Variables in Voluntary Control and Classical Conditioning of Heart Rate: Field Dependence and Heart-Rate Perception

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dale ◽  
David Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Rate Control ◽  
Voluntary Control ◽  
Heart Rate Control ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Conditioned Heart Rate ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Two experiments focused on two information variables relevant to changes in heart rate, field dependence and the ability to perceive one's own heart rate. In Exp. I, 14 field-independent and 17 field-dependent subjects completed a heart-rate perception and a voluntary heart-rate control task. The anticipated superiority in heart-rate control by field-independent subjects was detected although no evidence was found for a relationship between the amount of biofeedback available in the situation and voluntary control of the cardiovascular system. Exp. II involved 9 field-independent and 8 field-dependent subjects in a classical conditioning paradigm involving shock sensitivity. In contrast with Exp. I, in this phase of the study heart-rate increases were correlated with the ability of the subject to discriminate heart beats, especially for the field-independent group. It was concluded that field dependence and heart-rate perception are related to classically conditioned heart-rate increase for some subjects and further that field dependence may be a potent variable operating in those situations involving the voluntary control of heart rate without exteroceptive feedback.

scholarly journals Nicotine disrupts safety learning by enhancing fear associated with a safety cue via the dorsal hippocampus

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 934-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Connor ◽  
Munir G Kutlu ◽  
Thomas J Gould
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Chronic Nicotine ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Learned Safety

Learned safety, a learning process in which a cue becomes associated with the absence of threat, is disrupted in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A bi-directional relationship exists between smoking and PTSD and one potential explanation is that nicotine-associated changes in cognition facilitate PTSD emotional dysregulation by disrupting safety associations. Therefore, we investigated whether nicotine would disrupt learned safety by enhancing fear associated with a safety cue. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were administered acute or chronic nicotine and trained over three days in a differential backward trace conditioning paradigm consisting of five trials of a forward conditioned stimulus (CS)+ (Light) co-terminating with a footshock unconditioned stimulus followed by a backward CS– (Tone) presented 20 s after cessation of the unconditioned stimulus. Summation testing found that acute nicotine disrupted learned safety, but chronic nicotine had no effect. Another group of animals administered acute nicotine showed fear when presented with the backward CS (Light) alone, indicating the formation of a maladaptive fear association with the backward CS. Finally, we investigated the brain regions involved by administering nicotine directly into the dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, and prelimbic cortex. Infusion of nicotine into the dorsal hippocampus disrupted safety learning.

scholarly journals Mindfulness Training Disrupts Pavlovian Conditioning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Hanley ◽  
Eric Garland
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Response Frequency ◽  
Conditioned Behavior ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Classical conditioning is a quintessential learning process; however, maladaptive forms of conditioning sustain many unhealthy behaviors (e.g., addiction). Mindfulness training is theorized to de-automatize conditioned behavior by decoupling stimulus and response. This study assessed the effect of mindfulness training on conditioned behavior during a classical conditioning task. Findings indicated mindfulness training decreased classically conditioned behavior relative to an active control condition, delaying the onset of first conditioned response and decreasing conditioned response frequency. Thus, mindfulness training may be one method of increasing volitional control over maladaptive conditioned behaviors that contribute to the development and maintenance of clinical disorders.

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