Fixed Set in the Perception of Size in Relation to Lightness

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuya Nakatani
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Dark Circle ◽  
Fixed Set ◽  
Critical Experiment ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Weight Illusion ◽  
Light Circle

When control subjects compared the sizes of two circles of different lightness, the lightness-size illusion was observed, i.e., the darker circle was perceived to be smaller. However, after experimental subjects were shown a large, light circle and a smaller, darker circle repeatedly, the subjective size of the dark circle increased. It decreased after repeated exposures to a small, light circle and a large, dark one. These changes in perception were assumed to be contrast effects produced by an experimentally fixed set and were similar to changes observed when the same method was previously applied by this author to the size-weight illusion. Despite differences in modality and dimension of perception, every application of the fixed-set method resulted in analogous patterns. When the situation of the set-fixing experiment and that of the critical experiment were similar to each other, the fixed set was activated more and greater contrast effects were produced.

Affective aspects of student authoring for foreign language learning

ReCALL ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
OFELIA R. NIKOLOVA
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
High Level ◽  
Experimental Group

This study compares the attitude toward instruction of two groups of participants: control subjects who used a multimedia instructional module for French created by the researcher, and experimental subjects who created their own module. Quantitative data did not yield statistically significant differences in their attitudes. In the light of additional qualitative data, possible reasons for this result are discussed: high level of satisfaction with the novelty of instruction for both groups; computer problems, lack of adequate orientation, lack of real outlet for the module and difficulty of the texts for the experimental group. Included are conclusions and recommendations for further research.

Multiple Motor Learning Experiences Enhance Motor Adaptability

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael D. Seidler
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Capacity ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Movement Sequence ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Gain Change

Traditional motor learning theory emphasizes that skill learning is specific to the context and task performed. Recent data suggest, however, that subjects exposed to a variety of motor learning paradigms may be able to acquire general, transferable knowledge about skill learning processes. I tested this idea by having subjects learn five different motor tasks, three that were similar to each other and two that were not related. A group of experimental subjects first performed a joystick-aiming task requiring adaptation to three different visuomotor rotations, with a return to the null conditions between each exposure. They then performed the same joystick-aiming task but had to adapt to a change in display gain instead of rotation. Lastly, the subjects used the joystickaiming task to learn a repeating sequence of movements. Two groups of control subjects performed the same number of trials, but learned only the gain change or the movement sequence. Experimental subjects showed generalization of learning across the three visuomotor rotations. Experimental subjects also exhibited transfer of learning ability to the gain change and the movement sequence, resulting in faster learning than that seen in the control subjects. However, transient perturbations affected the movements of the experimental subjects to a greater extent than those of the control subjects. These data demonstrate that humans can acquire a general enhancement in motor skill learning capacity through experience, but it comes with a cost. Although movement becomes more adaptable following multiple learning experiences, it also becomes less stable to external perturbation.

Tactile Perception and Braille Letter Recognition: Effects of Developmental Teaching

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
Sally S. Mangold
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Perception ◽  
Letter Recognition ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Experimental Subjects

Studies the extent to which a developmental program of tactile perception and braille letter recognition would affect errors in tactile perception, braille letter recognition, and reduce scrubbing and backtracking behaviors of braille users. Experimental subjects showed significantly fewer errors in tactile perception, braille letter recognition, backtracking behaviors, and scrubbing behaviors than did control subjects.

Promotion of Breast Self-Exam Behavior: An Attempt to Modify Health Beliefs

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H. Bottimore ◽  
B. Jo Hailey
Keyword(s):  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Preventive Health Behaviors ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
And Control ◽  
Regular Practice

The aim of this project was to alter health beliefs to promote the regular practice of breast self-examination (BSE). A total of fifty-seven female university students ranging in age from nineteen to forty-four were selected to participate. Experimental subjects viewed a videotaped message designed to educate them about breast cancer and BSE. Control subjects viewed a presentation about preventive health behaviors other than BSE. The no-treatment control subjects received no behavioral intervention. All subjects completed a pretest and posttest measure of health beliefs. Follow-up data obtained included BSE reports each month for a six-month period for experimental and control subjects. The overall rate of BSE for both the experimental and control subjects increased at the outset of the experiment and declined during the course of the project. The present investigation appeared to be as successful as other interventions attempting to encourage the regular practice of BSE.

scholarly journals Cardiac Orienting to Auditory Stimulation in the Fetus

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237796081986148
Author(s):  
Charlene Krueger ◽  
Cynthia Garvan
Keyword(s):  
Test Session ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cardiac Deceleration ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the cardiac response to auditory stimulation in fetuses born during their 28th gestational week. A longitudinal, within-subjects design allowed for interpretations of the cardiac response tracked from 28 to 38 weeks gestational age (GA). All mothers recited a short passage from 28 to 34 weeks GA, and their fetuses were tested at 28, 32, 33, and 34 weeks GA. Following discontinuation of maternal recitation at 34 weeks GA, testing continued at 36 and 38 weeks GA. Experimental subjects were tested with a recording of a female stranger speaking the assigned passage and control subjects tested with a novel passage. The cardiac response was evaluated visually and statistically based on the magnitude and duration of the changes in heart rate. Visually, the cardiac response transitioned from a minimal magnitude (<5 beats per minute) with short duration (<5 seconds) cardiac deceleration in both experimental and control subjects during testing from 28 to 38 weeks GA and was confirmed statistically. For all experimental subjects, however, a long duration or sustained (>5 seconds) cardiac deceleration of greater magnitude (>5 beats per minute) was detected during 34-, 36-, or 38-week test session and was confirmed using a computational algorithm in SAS. Further investigation into additional forms of auditory stimulation at different developmental time periods is needed.

A Pilot Study on the Effect of Rapport on the Task Performance of an Elderly Confused Population

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Porszt-Miron ◽  
Majka Florian ◽  
Jean Burton
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Helping Professions ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Positive Effect

Rapport has been viewed traditionally by the helping professions as a prerequisite to effective interaction between therapist and patient. Clinical observations indicate that confused elderly residents of a Home for the Aged have the capacity to establish warm personal relationships with their therapists and caregivers. In order to determine if this apparent rapport has a positive effect on task performance, six confused subjects were assigned either to an experimental or control group. They were administered the Picture Identification Task before and after receiving a program designed to establish rapport with their respective leaders. All testing was done by the experimental group leaders. Thus the experimental subjects had rapport with the administrators, while the control subjects did not. The data indicated that experimental subjects decreased their inappropriate behaviours, were able to respond quicker, and made better use of nonverbal test cues at posttest. Control subjects did not demonstrate these changes. It was concluded that rapport can facilitate some task behaviours despite cognitive impairment.

Effects of Post-Hypnotic Suggestions on Muscular Endurance

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Albert ◽  
Melvin H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Heart Rate Data ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hypnotic Suggestions

This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.

Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Sidman Avoidance Learning

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Haraway ◽  
E. G. Maples ◽  
S. C. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Avoidance Conditioning ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Sidman Avoidance ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Safety Period

The study sought to extend M. R. Denny's contiguous approach conditioning model of instrumental reinforcement effects to account for Sidman avoidance conditioning. Experimental subjects (rats) received a 15-sec. duration light which was paired, independently of the subject's behavior, with the nonoccurrence of regularly scheduled 1-ma. shocks. Controls received light and shock unpaired. All subjects were then tested in a simple T-maze for approach to the light. Groups did not differ significantly in the direction of their initial response (approach or nonapproach to the light) but did differ in latency of approach to the light. Further, a significantly higher proportion of experimental subjects than control subjects approached the light within the 15 sec. that had been the “safety” period during pairing. While these findings are largely consistent with Denny's theory, they might also be taken to support expectancy or informational interpretations of Sidman avoidance.

Learning and Using Office Automation on Personal Computers: A Voice/Phone Application

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-269
Author(s):  
Anna M. Wichansky
Keyword(s):  
Poor Performance ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Voice Communication ◽  
Performance Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Human Support ◽  
Experimental Group

An experiment was conducted to evaluate user performance with a voice/phone management system for a personal computer. An experimental group of 11 subjects performed seven common voice communication tasks with the automated system using a touch-tone telephone. A control group of 10 subjects performed the same tasks by calling a dedicated human secretary. Experimental subjects gave favorable subjective ratings to system features despite poor performance. Control subjects performed most tasks faster than experimental subjects. Control subjects worked with the secretary in a more direct and goal-oriented way than experimental subjects using the automated system. The main benefit of the automated system may be its availability when human support is limited.

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