Trait and State Anxiety before and after Competitive Performance

33 subjects were tested on competitive trait and state anxiety immediately before and after a competitive motor task of short duration (average performance time of 25 seconds). It required precise coordination of correct muscular activity, timing as well as speed, and physical strength that included explosive shifts in direction of movement. Two types of performance measures were employed, (a) number of errors during the performance and (b) the time it took to complete the motor task. Analysis showed a positive relation between trait anxiety and performance errors when a linear model was applied; however, when a curvilinear model was used, a strong significant U-relationship between errors and precompetition state anxiety emerged. Further, a strong positive linear relation between poststate anxiety and number of performance errors was observed. The results indicate that making errors in performance situations is a critical factor in producing postcompetition state anxiety.

Download Full-text

Reversed Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation following Motor Training That Vary as a Function of Training-Induced Changes in Corticospinal Excitability

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2015/578620 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tino Stöckel ◽

Jeffery J. Summers ◽

Mark R. Hinder

Keyword(s):

Motor Learning ◽

Sham Group ◽

Group Performance ◽

Motor Task ◽

Corticospinal Excitability ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Before And After ◽

And Performance ◽

Theta Burst

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has the potential to enhance corticospinal excitability (CSE) and subsequent motor learning. However, the effects of iTBS following motor learning are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of iTBS on CSE and performance following motor learning. Therefore twenty-four healthy participants practiced a ballistic motor task for a total of 150 movements. iTBS was subsequently applied to the trained motor cortex (STIM group) or the vertex (SHAM group). Performance and CSE were assessed before motor learning and before and after iTBS. Training significantly increased performance and CSE in both groups. In STIM group participants, subsequent iTBS significantly reduced motor performance with smaller reductions in CSE. CSE changes as a result of motor learning were negatively correlated with both the CSE changes and performance changes as a result of iTBS. No significant effects of iTBS were found for SHAM group participants. We conclude that iTBS has the potential to degrade prior motor learning as a function of training-induced CSE changes. That means the expected LTP-like effects of iTBS are reversed following motor learning.

Download Full-text

Role of Model's Affect in Test Anxiety

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1980.47.3.956 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 956-958

Author(s):

David R. Olson ◽

Robert S. Schlottmann

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Task Demands ◽

Before And After ◽

Anxiety Levels ◽

And Performance ◽

State Scale ◽

High Test ◽

And Task

Thirty high test-anxious and 30 low test-anxious undergraduate females were exposed to either an anxious model, a non-anxious model or no model before performing on a spatial visualization task. The STAI A-State scale was also given before and after performance to determine the effects of model conditions and task performance on state anxiety levels. Subjects were then asked to evaluate their performance. Highly test-anxious subjects performed more poorly, reported higher levels of anxiety, and evaluated their performance more negatively than low test-anxious subjects. Type of model had no differential effect on the anxiety level and performance of subjects. Thus, the vicarious effects of a model may sometimes be superceded by task demands even on highly test-anxious subjects.

Download Full-text

Sex-typing of Physical Activities and Success Predictions of Children before and after Cross-sex Competition

Journal of Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsp.1.1.43 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Charles B. Corbin ◽

Charles Nix

Keyword(s):

State Anxiety ◽

Motor Task ◽

Lower State ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Sex Typing ◽

Confidence Levels ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Before And After ◽

Motor Activities ◽

Male Activity

Elementary school children, 20 boys and 20 girls, served as subjects in this investigation designed to determine how children sex-typed each of three different motor activities and to study their success predictions before and after cross-sex competition. Results of the study indicated that both boys and girls sex-typed a motor task requiring strength, speed, and power as a “male” activity, while the two other motor tasks were characterized as “male-female.” The self-confidence levels of girls, as measured by success predictions were lower than boys prior to competition but only for the “male” activity. After cross-sex competition in which girls succeeded as often as the boys, self-confidence of girls was no different than for boys. There were no sex differences in postcompetition state anxiety levels. All subjects regardless of sex were more threatened after competing in a “male” as opposed to a “male-female” activity, and they experienced lower state anxiety following successful rather than unsuccessful competition.

Download Full-text

Provjera Endlerovih skala i modela anksioznosti

Papers on Philosophy Psychology Sociology and Pedagogy ◽

10.15291/radovifpsp.2459 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Izabela Sorić ◽

Vladimir Takšič ◽

Ana Proroković

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Experimental Situation ◽

Social Evaluation ◽

Internal Reliability ◽

Interactive Model ◽

Specific Dimension ◽

Before And After ◽

Trait And State Anxiety ◽

Threatening Situation

Endler’s original multidimensional scales of anxiety (EMAS) represent measurements of multidimensional trait anxiety and the perception of the situation on the basis of self-description. The scales were developed in accordance with the interactive model of anxiety which presupposes that multidimensional trait anxiety determines individual difference in relation to the intensity of the condition of anxiety in specific types of threatening situations. The situational dimensions of trait anxiety, estimated with the EMAS-T part of Endler’s scales, arc the following: the situation of social evaluation, the situation of physical danger, ambiguous situations and everyday situations. State anxiety, measured by the EMAS-S part of the scale, encompasses the autonomous-emotional dimension (A-E) and the dimension of cognitive worry (C-W). The scales were translated into Croatian and given to a group of 128 candidates before and after they took the entrance exam of the Department of English at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar (Summer, 1993). The results showed a satisfactory factorial structure and a high internal reliability of the scales both in the measurement of trait and state anxiety. A test of differential hypothesis of the interactive model of anxiety which perceives state anxiety as a function of the interaction between the specific dimension of trait anxiety and congruent threatening situation, showed an expected, significant connection between state anxiety and the dimension of social evaluation which was a congruent dimension of trait anxiety in this experimental situation. Other dimension of trait anxiety were not significantly connected with the state anxiety. What cannot be accommodated with Endler’s model are the significant correlations obtained between different (according to the model supposedly independent) dimension of trait anxiety.

Download Full-text

HIGHER TRAIT- AND STATE-ANXIETY IN FEMALE LAW STUDENTS THAN MALE LAW STUDENTS

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.68.4.1075-1078 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 1075 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

ROSEANNA McCLEARY

Keyword(s):

State Anxiety ◽

Law Students ◽

Trait And State Anxiety

Download Full-text

Effects of cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water on behavior and performance of lactating sows under heat stress

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Y Zhu ◽

L J Johnston ◽

M H Reese ◽

E S Buchanan ◽

J E Tallaksen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Respiration Rate ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Time Budget ◽

Video Recording ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Before And After ◽

And Performance ◽

Drinking Frequency

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate whether cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water could alleviate negative impacts of heat stress on lactating sows. Thirty sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 1 to 6) were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700–1900 hours) and 23.9°C (1900–0700 hours). Sows in one room (Cool), but not in the other room (Control) were provided cooled floor pads (21–22°C) and chilled drinking water (13–15°C). Behavior of sows (15 sows/treatment) was video recorded during farrowing, and days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed continuously to register the birth time of each piglet, from which total farrowing duration and birth intervals were calculated. The number of drinking bouts and the duration of each drinking bout were registered for each sow through viewing videos continuously for 2 h (1530–1730 hours) each video-recording day. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each video-recording day, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured for all sows the day before and after farrowing, and then once weekly. Sow and litter performance was recorded. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. The cooling treatment did not affect sow behavior or litter performance. Sows in the Cool room had lower rectal temperature (P = 0.03) and lower respiration rate (P < 0.001), consumed more feed (P = 0.03), tended to have reduced weight loss (P = 0.07), and backfat loss (P = 0.07) during lactation than sows in the Control room. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (P < 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (P < 0.0001), standing (P < 0.001), and sitting (P < 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (P < 0.0001) in both Cool and Control rooms. While cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water did not affect sow behavior, they did alleviate heat stress partially, as indicated by decreased rectal temperature, respiration rate, weight, and backfat loss, and increased feed intake in lactating sows.

Download Full-text

Body Image and Voluntary Gaze Behaviors towards Physique-Salient Images

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052549 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2549

Author(s):

April Karlinsky ◽

Holly Howe ◽

Melissa de Jonge ◽

Alan Kingstone ◽

Catherine M. Sabiston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Media Consumption ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Body Appreciation ◽

Men And Women ◽

Physical Strength ◽

Adult Men ◽

Self Perceptions ◽

Before And After ◽

Image Variables

The purpose of this study was to explore body image correlates of voluntary consumption of physique-salient media. A secondary aim was to assess changes in affect following media consumption. Young adult men (n = 47; mean age = 20.2 years) and women (n = 87; mean age = 19.5 years) were discretely exposed to images of same-sex models with idealized- and average-physiques while completing an irrelevant computer task. Voluntary gaze at the images was covertly recorded via hidden cameras. Participants also completed measures of affect before and after the computer task. Measures of body-related envy, body appreciation, and self-perceptions of attractiveness, thinness, and physical strength were completed. Men and women did not differ in how often nor for how long they looked at the images overall, but body image variables were differentially associated with their voluntary gaze behaviors. For men, higher body-related envy and lower body appreciation were correlated with more looks at the average-physique model. Although women reported higher body-related envy than men, envy and body appreciation were not significant correlates of gaze behaviors for women. Both men and women experienced a general affective decrease over time, but only for men was the change in negative affect associated with their time spent looking at the ideal-physique image. Overall, these findings suggest that body-related envy and body appreciation influence how men choose to consume physique-salient media, and that media consumption may have negative consequences for post-exposure affect. Body image factors appear to be more strongly associated with behavior in men, perhaps because men are generally less often exposed to physique-salient media and, in particular, to average-physique images.

Download Full-text

Effects of Feeding Time on Markers of Muscle Metabolic Flexibility Following Acute Aerobic Exercise in Trained Mice Undergoing Time Restricted Feeding

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051717 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1717

Author(s):

Aaron Persinger ◽

Matthew Butawan ◽

Martina Faietti ◽

Ashley Pryke ◽

Kyley Rose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Metabolic Flexibility ◽

Feeding Time ◽

Restricted Feeding ◽

Physically Active ◽

Impact Performance ◽

Before And After ◽

And Performance ◽

Access To Food

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is becoming a popular way of eating in physically active populations, despite a lack of research on metabolic and performance outcomes as they relate to the timing of food consumption in relation to the time of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if the timing of feeding/fasting after exercise training differently affects muscle metabolic flexibility and response to an acute bout of exercise. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to one of three groups for 8 weeks. The control had ad libitum access to food before and after exercise training. TRF-immediate had immediate access to food for 6 h following exercise training and the TRF-delayed group had access to food 5-h post exercise for 6 h. The timing of fasting did not impact performance in a run to fatigue despite TRF groups having lower hindlimb muscle mass. TRF-delayed had lower levels of muscle HSL mRNA expression and lower levels of PGC-1α expression but displayed no changes in electron transport chain enzymes. These results suggest that in young populations consuming a healthy diet and exercising, the timing of fasting may not substantially impact metabolic flexibility and running performance.

Download Full-text

Twenty Years After the Hype

International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age ◽

10.4018/ijpada.2015040101 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Alois Paulin

Keyword(s):

Performance Indicators ◽

The State ◽

Government Performance ◽

Before And After ◽

To Come ◽

And Performance ◽

Government Reforms

In this study the authors analyze the effects of e-government reforms that began in mid-90ies by confronting the promises which these reforms made to government performance in the period before and after the reforms took place. The authors use fiscal and performance indicators of the Slovenian government and courts to argue that e-government did not yield any notable effects on the state performance. Finally, the authors analyze the reasons why e-government technology cannot be regarded as sustainable and suggest a different approach towards researching how to sustainably improve governance for generations to come.

Download Full-text