Eyeblink Activity in a Word-Naming Task as a Function of Semantic Priming and Cognitive Load

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Ohira
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Prime Word ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Prime Target

Eyeblink activity was examined based on a discrete-trial paradigm in which 17 subjects engaged in a semantic priming task. They were presented a series of pairs of words (prime and target) associatively related or associatively unrelated and were required to name them as quickly as possible. Cognitive load or difficulty of naming of the target word was also manipulated. The latency data for naming of the target word showed a typical priming effect, namely, facilitation of naming speed by the associatively related prime word. The eyeblink rate changed synchronically to onset of stimuli as a function of prime-target relationship and cognitive load during the task. Specifically, the eyeblink rate was suppressed during presentation of the target word and peaked just after that. This study showed that suppression of eyeblinks was longer on trials with high cognitive loads than on those with low cognitive loads and the peak of eyeblink rate was higher on trials for which the prime and target were unrelated than on those for which they were related. These results suggested that the eyeblink activity is influenced by inner cognitive processes of word recognition.

When Perception Trumps Reality

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Sand ◽  
Mats E. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Chance Level ◽  
Subliminal Priming ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Objective Meaning ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Prime Target ◽  
Made In

Is semantic priming driven by the objective or perceived meaning of the priming stimulus? This question is relevant given that many studies suggest that the objective meaning of invisible stimuli can influence cognitive processes and behavior. In an experiment involving 66 participants, we tested how the perceived meaning of misperceived stimuli influenced response times. Stroop priming (i.e., longer response times for incongruent than for congruent prime-target pairs) was observed in trials in which the prime was correctly identified. However, reversed Stroop priming was observed when the prime stimulus was incorrectly identified. Even in trials in which participants reported no perception of the prime and identified the primes at close to chance level (i.e., trials that meet both subjective and objective definitions of being subliminal), Stroop priming corresponded to perceived congruency, not objective congruency. This result suggests that occasional weak percepts and mispercepts are intermixed with no percepts in conditions traditionally claimed to be subliminal, casting doubt on claims of subliminal priming made in previous reports.

scholarly journals Semantic Processing and Orthographic Specificity in Hemispatial Neglect

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina McGlinchey-Berroth ◽  
William P. Milberg ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Laura Grande ◽  
Mark D'Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Hemispatial Neglect ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Priming Task

Two sets of experiments, each consisting of a semantic priming task and a discrimination task, investigated the proceedings of lexical information in the neglected visual field. In the semantic priming task, subjects made lexical decisions to target words preceded by lateralized word primes; in the discrimination task, they indicated which of two words corresponded to a target word presented to the left visual field (LVF) or right visual field (RVF). The first set of experiments indicated that although patients were unable to discriminate words presented in the LVF, they showed significant priming when LVF primes were followed by semantically related targets compared to unrelated targets. The second set of experiments further examined the nature of this priming effect by comparing priming in a condition in which primes were semantically related to the target word (e.g., TEA-CUP) and a condition in which primes were unrelated to the target word, but orthographically similar to a related prime (e.g., PEA-CUP). This experiment replicated the previously established semantic priming effects and demonstrated significant negative priming for targets preceded by LVF primes that were orthographically similar to a semantically related word. Again, patients performed at chance in the forced-choice discrimination task when targets were presented in the LVF These findings indicate that semantic processing of neglected lexical information is based on fully specified perceptual and orthographic information. A lateral inhibitory mechanism is proposed that maximizes the probability, albeit unsuccessfully, that neglected orthographic information will reach awareness.

Orthographic Rime Priming

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Bowey
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Word Naming ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Priming Technique

Three experiments are described, each using a partial priming technique in which a target word was briefly preceded by a masked trigram. The relative strength of priming effects was assessed by comparing the difference in target word naming times between unprimed and primed trials in different priming conditions. Experiment 1 replicated previous work in demonstrating stronger priming when the target word was primed by the orthographic rime than when the prime constituted otherwise comparable word-final trigrams that do not constitute orthographic rimes. Experiment 2 compared orthographic, phonological rime, and control primes. Only orthographic rime primes reliably increased target word naming speed, although the priming effect was less selective with longer prime durations. In Experiment 3 priming was observed for both orthographic rime and phonological rime primes shown for 150 msec. However, stronger priming was observed with orthographic rime primes. These experiments demonstrate that orthographic rime priming effects do not simply reflect the activation of an intact subunit of the target word articulation program.

scholarly journals The processing of dialectal variants: Further insight from French

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOPHIE DUFOUR ◽  
YU-YING CHUANG ◽  
NOËL NGUYEN
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Efficient Processing ◽  
French Speaker

ABSTRACTIn two semantic priming experiments, this study examined how southern French speakers process the standard French [o] variant in closed syllables in comparison to their own variant [ɔ]. In Experiment 1, southern French speakers showed facilitation in the processing of the associated target word VIOLET whether the word prime mauve was pronounced by a standard French speaker ([mov]) or a southern French speaker ([mɔv]). More importantly, Experiment 1 has also revealed that words of type mauve, which are subject to dialectal variation, behave exactly in the same way as words of type gomme, which are pronounced with [ɔ] by both southern and standard French speakers, and for which we also found no modulation in the magnitude of the priming effect as a function of the dialect of the speaker. Experiment 2 replicated the priming effect found with the standard French variant [mov], and failed to show a priming effect with nonwords such as [mœv] that also differ from the southern French variant [mɔv] by only one phonetic feature. Our study thus provides further evidence for efficient processing of dialectal variants during spoken word recognition, even if these variants are not part of the speaker’s own productions.

Center-Surround or Spreading Inhibition

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frings ◽  
Christina Bermeitinger ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Semantic Priming Effect ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
Category Exemplars ◽  
Identity Priming ◽  
Positive Effect

In the paradigm of repeated masked semantic priming ( Wentura & Frings, 2005 ), prime and mask are repeatedly and rapidly interchanged. Using this technique in a semantic priming task with category labels as primes and category exemplars as targets (related, e.g., BIRD – swan → BIRD – finch; unrelated, e.g., BIRD – lily → FRUIT – finch), Wentura and Frings found a negatively signed priming effect. Here we used the repeated masking technique with category exemplars as targets and primes (i.e., identity priming) for analyzing, whether this effect reflects center-surround or spreading inhibition. If the repeated masked technique reflects spreading inhibition, a negative effect should also appear for identity priming. In contrast, a center-surround approach would predict a positive effect. In accordance with the latter hypothesis, we found a significant positive effect in identity priming (Experiment 1a) and significant difference to the negatively signed semantic priming effect when primes were category labels (Experiment 1b). This is indicative of the repeated masked semantic priming effect being a negatively signed semantic priming effect due to a center-surround mechanism.

On the Replicability of the Affective Priming Effect in the Pronunciation Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan Spruyt ◽  
Dirk Hermans ◽  
Mario Pandelaere ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Paul Eelen
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Prime Word ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Stimulus Evaluation ◽  
Exact Replication

Abstract. Bargh, Chaiken, Raymond, and Hymes (1996 ) and Hermans, De Houwer, and Eelen (1994 ) showed that a valenced target word is pronounced faster after the presentation of an affectively related prime word than after the presentation of an affectively unrelated prime word. This finding is important because it provides crucial evidence for the hypotheses that stimulus evaluation (a) is goal-independent and (b) facilitates the encoding of stimuli that have the same valence. However, recent studies indicate that the affective priming effect is not a reliable finding in the standard pronunciation task. We report the results of a nearly exact replication of Bargh et al.’s (1996 ) Experiment 2. In line with previous replication studies, we failed to detect the affective priming effect.

scholarly journals Valence makes a stronger contribution than arousal to affective priming

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7777
Author(s):  
Zhao Yao ◽  
Xiangru Zhu ◽  
Wenbo Luo
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Target Pair ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Prime Target

Background Recent data suggest that both word valence and arousal modulate subsequent cognitive processing. However, whether valence or arousal makes a stronger contribution to cognitive processing is less understood. Methods The present study performed three experiments that varied the valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low) of prime-target word pairs in a lexical decision-priming task. Affective priming was derived from pure valence (Experiment 1), pure arousal (Experiment 2), or a combination of valence and arousal (Experiment 3). Results By comparing three types of priming effects, we found an effect of valence on affective priming was obvious regardless of whether the relationship of the prime-target varied with valence, arousal, or the combination of valence and arousal. In contrast, an effect of arousal on affective priming only appeared in the condition that based on the arousal relationship of the prime-target pair. Moreover, the valence-driven priming effect, arousal-driven priming effect, and emotional-driven priming effect were modulated by valence type but not by arousal level of word stimuli. Conclusion The present results revealed a pattern of valence and arousal in semantic networks, indicating that the valence information of emotional words tends to be more stable than arousal information within the semantic system, at least in the present lexical decision-priming task.

scholarly journals The (un)reliability of item-level semantic priming effects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Heyman ◽  
Anke Bruninx ◽  
Keith Hutchison ◽  
Gert Storms
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Associative Strength ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Prime Target

Many researchers have tried to predict semantic priming effects using a myriad of variables (e.g., prime–target associative strength or co-occurrence frequency). The idea is that relatedness varies across prime–target pairs, which should be reflected in the size of the priming effect (e.g., cat should prime dog more than animal does). However, it is only insightful to predict item-level priming effects if they can be measured reliably. Thus, in the present study we examined the split-half and test–retest reliabilities of item-level priming effects under conditions that should discourage the use of strategies. The resulting priming effects proved extremely unreliable, and reanalyses of three published priming datasets revealed similar cases of low reliability. These results imply that previous attempts to predict semantic priming were unlikely to be successful. However, one study with an unusually large sample size yielded more favorable reliability estimates, suggesting that big data, in terms of items and participants, should be the future for semantic priming research.

Further evidence of gender stereotype priming in language: Semantic facilitation and inhibition in Italian role nouns

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRISTINA CACCIARI ◽  
ROBERTO PADOVANI
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Prime Word ◽  
The One ◽  
Stereotype Priming ◽  
Inhibition Pattern ◽  
Prime Target

Two experiments tested the activation of gender stereotypes for Italian role nouns (e.g.,teacher). The experimental paradigm was modeled on the one proposed by a study by Banaji and Hardin: participants were shown a prime word followed by a target pronoun (heorshe) on which they performed a gender decision task. The prime words were Italian role nouns that had an associated female stereotype, an associated male stereotype, or no associated stereotype (control condition). The results of Experiment 1 showed no influence of stereotypes on the gender decision response to personal pronouns. However, when, in Experiment 2, the prime-target interval and the prime presentation times were prolonged, a stereotypical gender priming effect did emerge. A different inhibition pattern was found when the pronoun was preceded by a noun associated with a male stereotype instead of a female one.

scholarly journals Advantage of Handwriting Over Typing on Learning Words: Evidence From an N400 Event-Related Potential Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya S. Ihara ◽  
Kae Nakajima ◽  
Akiyuki Kake ◽  
Kizuku Ishimaru ◽  
Kiyoyuki Osugi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Word Target ◽  
Prime Word ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Digital Pen ◽  
The Impact

The growing implementation of digital education comes with an increased need to understand the impact of digital tools on learning. Previous behavioral studies have shown that handwriting on paper is more effective for learning than typing on a keyboard. However, the impact of writing with a digital pen on a tablet remains to be clarified. In the present study, we compared learning by handwriting with an ink pen on paper, handwriting with a digital pen on a tablet, and typing on a keyboard. Behavioral and electroencephalographic indices were measured immediately after learning with each writing tool. The moods of the subjects during the training were also assessed. The participants were divided according to their use of digital pen in their everyday lives, allowing us to take into account the effect of the familiarity with the digital pen on the learning process (familiar group vs. unfamiliar group). We performed an EEG experiment applying a repetition priming paradigm. In each trial, a learned foreign language word (prime word) and a mother tongue word (target word) were consecutively presented. The target word was either semantically identical to the prime word (repetitive condition) or different (non-repetitive condition). We assumed that a larger priming effect on N400 reflects larger learning progress. The familiar group showed a greater N400 priming effect for words learned with the digital or ink pen than those learned with the keyboard. The unfamiliar group showed the greater N400 priming effect for words learned with the ink pen compared with words learned by typing. In addition, positive mood during learning was significantly higher during handwriting than during typing, regardless of the groups. On the other hand, the behavioral indices were not influenced by the writing tool. These results suggest that the movements involved in handwriting allow a greater memorization of new words. The advantage of handwriting over typing might also be caused by a more positive mood during learning. Finally, our results show that handwriting with a digital pen and tablet can increase the ability to learn compared with keyboard typing once the individuals are accustomed to it.

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