Speed and Accuracy of Eye-Gaze Pointing

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 705-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Fen Chi ◽  
Chia-Liang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Saccadic Movement ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

The current experiment examined the speed-accuracy trade-off of saccadic movement between two targets. Ten subjects looked alternately at two targets as fast and as accurately as possible for 2 min. under different conditions of target size, distance between targets, and direction of eye movement. Saccadic movement of the left eye was tracked and recorded with an infrared eye monitoring device to compute the starting position, ending position, and duration of each saccadic movement. Eye-movement time was significantly related to target size and distance between targets, but the speed-accuracy trade-off was significantly different from that predicted by Fitts' Law. Reaction time was not significantly changed by the direction of eye movement.

scholarly journals Fifty years later: a neurodynamic explanation of Fitts' law

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Beamish ◽  
Shabana Ali Bhatti ◽  
I. Scott MacKenzie ◽  
Jianhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Motor Behaviour ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Motor Circuit ◽  
Psychomotor Delay ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

An intrinsic property of human motor behaviour is a trade-off between speed and accuracy. This is classically described by Fitts' law, a model derived by assuming the human body has a limited capacity to transmit information in organizing motor behaviour. Here, we propose an alternative foundation, based on the neurodynamics of the motor circuit, wherein Fitts' law is an approximation to a more general relationship. In this formulation, widely observed inconsistencies with experimental data are a consequence of psychomotor delay. The methodology developed additionally provides a method to estimate the delay within the motor circuit from the speed-accuracy trade-off alone.

Conditions for a Linear Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Aimed Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Wright ◽  
David E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Target Point ◽  
Home Position ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Speed Accuracy

A linear speed-accuracy trade-off has been found for rapid, precisely timed movements from a home position toward a target point. In this trade-off, We = K1 + K2(D/T), where D is the distance between the home position and the target, T is a pre-specified movement time, and We is the standard deviation of the distances actually moved. This result differs from Fitts' law, the commonly observed logarithmic trade-off in aimed movements. A new experiment with wrist rotations was performed to determine what conditions induce the linear trade-off rather than Fitts' law. Three types of condition are considered: movement brevity, feedback deprivation, and temporal precision. The experiment yielded a linear trade-off for precisely timed movements even when their durations significantly exceeded an amount of time (200 ms) sufficient to process visual feedback. This result suggests that the linearity does not depend on movement brevity and/or feedback deprivation per se. Instead it supports a temporal-precision hypothesis that the linear trade-off occurs when aimed movements must have precisely specified durations.

scholarly journals Eye Pointing in Stereoscopic Displays

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiuhsiang Joe Lin ◽  
Retno Widyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Stereoscopic Displays ◽  
Time Index ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Different Levels

This study investigated eye pointing in stereoscopic displays. Ten participants performed 18 tapping tasks in stereoscopic displays with three different levels of parallax (at the screen, 20 cm and 50 cm in front of the screen). The results showed that parallax had significant effects on hand movement time, eye movement time, index of performance in hand click and eye gaze. The movement time was shorter and the performance was better when the target was at the screen, compared to the conditions when the targets were seen at 20 cm and 50 cm in front of the screen. Furthermore, the findings of this study supports that the eye movement in stereoscopic displays follows the Fitts’ law. The proposed algorithm was effective on the eye gaze selection to improve the good fit of eye movement in stereoscopic displays.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

scholarly journals Comparison of speed-accuracy tradeoff between linear and nonlinear filtering algorithms for myocontrol

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 2030-2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie N. Borish ◽  
Adam Feinman ◽  
Matteo Bertucco ◽  
Natalie G. Ramsy ◽  
Terence D. Sanger
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Control Input ◽  
Bayesian Filtering ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Bayesian Algorithm ◽  
Signal Processing Algorithm ◽  
Bayesian Filter ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Nonlinear Bayesian filtering of surface electromyography (EMG) can provide a stable output signal with little delay and the ability to change rapidly, making it a potential control input for prosthetic or communication devices. We hypothesized that myocontrol follows Fitts’ Law, and that Bayesian filtered EMG would improve movement times and success rates when compared with linearly filtered EMG. We tested the two filters using a Fitts’ Law speed-accuracy paradigm in a one-muscle myocontrol task with EMG captured from the dominant first dorsal interosseous muscle. Cursor position in one dimension was proportional to EMG. Six indices of difficulty were tested, varying the target size and distance. We examined two performance measures: movement time (MT) and success rate. The filter had a significant effect on both MT and success. MT followed Fitts’ Law and the speed-accuracy relationship exhibited a significantly higher channel capacity when using the Bayesian filter. Subjects seemed to be less cautious using the Bayesian filter due to its lower error rate and smoother control. These findings suggest that Bayesian filtering may be a useful component for myoelectrically controlled prosthetics or communication devices. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whereas previous work has focused on assessing the Bayesian algorithm as a signal processing algorithm for EMG, this study assesses the use of the Bayesian algorithm for online EMG control. In other words, the subjects see the output of the filter and can adapt their own behavior to use the filter optimally as a tool. This study compares how subjects adapt EMG behavior using the Bayesian algorithm vs. a linear algorithm.

Can one explanation serve two laws?

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-325
Author(s):  
Howard N. Zelaznik ◽  
Robert W. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Single Strategy ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Several issues are raised concerning the notion that a single strategy explains Fitts' law and the linear speed/accuracy trade-off. Two additional concerns are discussed: (1) distance is programmed, (2) the fact that movements produced without the aid of vision obey Fitts' law does not mean that sighted movements must be explained without regard to vision.

Movement dynamics in speed/accuracy trade-off

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Morasso ◽  
V. Sanguineti
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Internal Source ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Weak Theories ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Partial Compensation

Fitts' law and the ΔΛ model are “weak” theories of motor control because they are limited to the kinematic aspects of movement and do not capture its essential dynamic nature. The internal source of “noise” that determines the speed/ accuracy trade-off can be associated with the partial compensation of movement-generated “parasitic” forces.

Fitting Motivation to Fitts’ Law : Effect of a Penalty Contingency on Controlled Movement

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan ◽  
Randolph G. Bias
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

An experiment examined the effect of a penalty on performance of target acquisition movements, focusing on overall movement time, the fit of the data to Fitts’ Law, and ballistic and homing submovements. Fitts’ Law, MT = a + b[Index of Difficulty], where Index of Difficulty (ID) = log2[Movement distance/target size], focuses on the control of the movement by external stimuli, rather than the consequences of a movement. In this study, participants moved a cursor on a computer screen from a starting point to a target with movement distance and target size varying systematically. In the Penalty condition, when the movement missed the target, the computer screen went blank and the next trial was delayed for 30 seconds. In the Nonpenalty condition, participants did not receive a penalty for missing the target. The results showed that receiving a penalty led to higher movement times, a higher Fitts’ Law slope parameter, fewer errors, and fewer nonerror overshoots of the target. Also, receiving penalties resulted in target acquisition movements with less time spent in the ballistic submovement. The results show that consequences of a movement control movement behavior.

Perception in Volleyball: The Effects of Competitive Stress

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Starkes ◽  
Fran Allard
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Perceptual Accuracy ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Perceptual Narrowing ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Volleyball players and nonplayers were compared for speed and accuracy of performance in a task involving detection of the presence of a volleyball in rapidly presented slides of a volleyball situation. Slides depicted both game and nongame situations, and subjects performed the task in both noncompetitive and competitive conditions. For all subjects, game information was perceived more quickly and accurately than nongame information. In competition all subjects showed decreased perceptual accuracy and no change in criterion, supporting the Easterbrook (1959) notion of perceptual narrowing with stress. Very large accompanying increases in response speed, however, suggested that competition may induce adoption of a particular speed-accuracy trade-off. Cognitive flexibility in the adoption of particular speed-accuracy trade-offs is discussed with reference to volleyball.

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