Career Predilections and Options to Opt Occupation for the Youth in Pakistan

The aim of this study is to find the employment options and career choices of young people in a developing country, Pakistan. In this regard, an exploratory approach is used to conduct this study. The findings of the study show that there are formal and informal options for the youth to choose occupations. Formal includes the employment opportunities provided by the government which include in the long term and short term in their services; however, informal employment includes different kinds of work in the different sectors. Overseas employment is the external option of the career choice for the youth. However, a business incubation center is an internal source of career for university students and graduates who want to opt for entrepreneurship as their career choice. This study provides implications for the government and non-government organizations to create different kinds of employment opportunities to accommodate the huge youth population and make them productive for the economic development of the country and reduce the rate of unemployment.

Deep Learning-Based Framework for the Detection of Cyberattack Using Feature Engineering

Digital systems are changing to security systems in contemporary days. It is time for the digital system to have sufficient security to defend against threats and attacks. The intrusion detection system can identify an anomaly from an external or internal source in the network system. Many kinds of threats are present, that is, active and passive. These dangers could lead to anomalies in the system by which data can be attacked and taken by attackers from the beginning to the destination. Machine learning nowadays is a developing topic; its applications are wide. We can forecast the future through machine learning and classify the right class. In this paper, we employed the new binary and multiclass classification model of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to identify the anomaly of the network system. In this respect, we used the NSLKDD dataset. Our model uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to conduct binary and multiclass classification. In both datasets, we build a DL-based DoS detection model. We focus on the DoS category in the most extensively used IDS dataset, KDD. As the name implies, CNN is the most extensively used the DL model for image recognition. Adding a pooling layer to the convolution layer minimizes the size of the feature data extracted from the image while maintaining I/O and spatial information. The CNN model has shown the promising results of multiclass and binary classification in terms of validation loss of 0.0012 at 11th epochs and validation accuracy of 98% and 99%, respectively.

Level of Accumulated Depreciation of Energy Companies’ Assets

The paper presents the degree of accumulated depreciation of fixed assets in Polish energy companies against the background ofglobal energy companies. The coal-fired energy units used in the Polish energy industry are outdated and require replacement. Inthe course of the energy transformation, they will be replaced with energy from renewable sources, natural gas and nuclear fuel. Thetransformation of the energy sector will allow the achievement of climate and environmental goals. Depreciation charged to expenseis an internal source of financing for processes of restoration of the production capacity. However, the Accounting Act and the IncomeTax Act provide for different methods of calculating depreciation, which means that not all depreciation is tax-deductible and that itdoes not reduce the tax base. Reducing the discrepancies in legal solutions regarding the calculation of depreciation in companies maystimulate the implementation of the processes of energy transformation.

Impact of Budget Deficit Financing on Money Demand in Nigeria

The study empirically investigates the impact of budget deficit financing on money demand in Nigeria with an objective of finding the effect of budget deficit financing indicators such as external debt financing, domestic debt as well as debt servicing on money demand. The study is modeled using a framework of Keynesian theory of budget deficit financing and Richadian Equivalent hypothesis. The study adopted an auto redistributive lag model (ARDL) which shows the existence of long run relationship between money demand and indicators of financing budget deficit and ordinary Least Square. The general findings revealed that external source of financing budget deficit, internal source of financing budget deficit as well as debt servicing has a significant effect on money demand in the Nigerian context. Base on this findings, the study recommend that external and internal source of financing deficit should be encouraged for effective demand leading to economic stability reasons and not for political reasons and it should be properly channeled to productive sector of the economy that will enhance economic stability.

Room HVAC Influences on the Removal of Airborne Particulate Matter: Implications for School Reopening during the COVID-19 Pandemic

(1) Background: Many schools and higher education settings have confronted the issue of reopening their facilities after the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, several airflow strategies spanning from adding portable air purifiers to major mechanical overhauls have been suggested to equip classrooms with what is necessary to provide a safe and reliable environment. Yet, there are many unknowns about specific contributions of the building system and its design and performance on indoor air quality (IAQ) improvements. (2) Methods: this study examined the combined effect of ventilation type, airflow rates, and filtration on IAQ in five different classrooms. Experiments were conducted by releasing inert surrogate particles into the classrooms and measuring the concentrations in various locations of the room. (3) Results: we showed that while the distribution of particles in the space is a complex function of space geometry and air distribution configurations, the average decay rate of contaminants is proportional to the number of air changes per hour in the room. (4) Conclusions: rooms with a central HVAC system responded quicker to an internal source of contamination than rooms with only fan coil units. Furthermore, increasing the ventilation rate without improved filtration is an inefficient use of energy.

Three-dimensional exact solutions of the diffusion equation

При помощи метода быстрых разложений решается задача диффузии в параллелепипеде с граничными условиями 1-го рода и внутренним источником вещества, зависящим от координат точек параллелепипеда. Получено в общем виде решение, содержащее свободные параметры, с помощью которых можно получить множество новых точных решений с различными свойствами. Показан пример построения точного решения для случая внутреннего источника переменного только по оси OZ . Приведен анализ особенностей диффузионных потоков в параллелепипеде с указанным внутреннем источником. Получено, что концентрация вещества в центре параллелепипеда равна сумме среднеарифметического значения концентраций вещества в его вершинах и амплитуды внутреннего источника умноженного на величину The authors solve the problem of diffusion in a parallelepiped-shaped body with boundary conditions of the 1st kind and an internal source of substance, depending on the parallelepiped points coordinates with the fast expansions method. The proposed exact solution in general form contains free parameters, which can be used to obtain many new exact solutions with different properties. An example of constructing an exact solution with a variable internal source depending on one coordinate z is shown in the work. An analysis of the features of diffusion flows in a parallelepiped with the indicated internal source is given. It was found that the concentration of a substance in the center of a parallelepiped is equal to the sum of the arithmetic mean of the concentration of a substance at its vertices and the amplitude of the internal source multiplied by the value

MECHANISMS OF ACTIVATION OF HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENT POTENTIAL IN UKRAINE: MACROECONOMIC ASPECT

The savings of the population are an important internal source of investment potential of the state, due to which the national welfare of developed countries is formed. It is suggested to consider the investment potential of a household from the standpoint of their ability to save, tendency to save and intentions to transform non-consumer resources into investments. The analysis of the dynamics of income and expenses, deposits and contributions to private pension funds of the population of Ukraine in 2010—2020 allowed to identify limitations in the formation and effective use of investment potential of households: low wages and lack of financial resources for households to form their investment potential; preservation of significant savings of households outside the financial system; weak development of stock markets and non-bank financial services, insufficient level of coverage of the population; low level of trust in financial institutions; unformed mentality of investment in the domestic economy. An approach to stimulating public participation in the investment process has been developed, which provides for households an accumulation of their own savings in special accounts opened with banks and then direct these funds to investment and innovation projects implemented in those sectors of the economy that are of strategic and social importance for economic development of the national economy. The mechanism of creation and functioning of the Fund of compensation of investments of physical persons intended for compensation of the losses caused by professional investors is proved. To increase the activity of households to support social projects, measures are proposed to promote the idea of ​​creating endowment funds among domestic non-profit organizations and increase their attractiveness to potential investors and partners. The priorities of the state policy of activating the investment potential of households in Ukraine are formulated: providing conditions for expanding the investment potential of households through the growth of real incomes; development of a set of measures to provide guarantees for the participation of households in investment processes; creation of an effective system for attracting household savings to investment activities through a wide range of reliable and understandable for the average citizen financial mechanisms; increase of the level of financial literacy of Ukrainians in the context of their active involvement in investment processes in the financial market; restoring of public confidence in the national currency and the activities of financial intermediaries. Keywords: households, investments, investment potential, savings, mechanism of savings transformation. JEL Classification D14, E20, G23, R28 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 12.

Phosphorus Dynamics Associated With Organic Carbon Mineralization by Reduction of Sulfate and Iron in Sediment Exposed to Fish Farming

The expansion of the aquaculture industry has resulted in accumulation of phosphorus (P)-rich organic matter via uneaten fish feed. To elucidate the impact of fish farming on P dynamics, P speciation, and benthic P release along with partitioning of organic carbon (Corg) mineralization coupled to sulfate reduction (SR) and iron reduction (FeR) were investigated in the sediments from Jinju Bay, off the southern coast of South Korea, in July 2013. SR in the farm sediment was 6.9-fold higher than the control sediment, and depth-integrated (0–10 cm) concentrations of NH4+, PO43–, and H2S in pore water of the farm sediment were 2.2-, 3.3-, and 7.4-fold higher than that in control sediment, respectively. High biogenic-P that comprised 28% of total P directly reflected the impact of P-rich fish feed, which ultimately enhanced the bioavailability (58% of total P) of P in the surface sediment of the farm site. In the farm sediment where SR dominated Corg mineralization, H2S oxidation coupled to the reduction of FeOOH stimulated release of P bound to iron oxide, which resulted in high regeneration efficiency (85%) of P in farm sediments. Enhanced P desorption from FeOOH was responsible for the increase in authigenic-P and benthic P flux. Authigenic-P comprised 33% of total P, and benthic P flux to the overlying water column accounted for approximately 800% of the P required for primary production. Consequently, excessive benthic P release resulting directly from oversupply of P-rich fish feed was a significant internal source of P for the water column, and may induce undesirable eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in shallow coastal ecosystems.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances internal source monitoring abilities in healthy participants

Source monitoring refers to the ability to identify the origin of a memory, for example, whether you remember saying something or thinking about it, and confusions of these sources have been associated with the experience of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). Both AVHs and source confusions are reported to originate from dysfunctional brain activations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the superior temporal gyrus (STG); specifically, it is assumed that a hypoactive PFC and a hyperactive STG gives rise to AVHs and source confusions. We set out to test this assumption by trying to mimic this hypertemporal/hypofrontal model in healthy individuals with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): the inhibitory cathode was placed over the left PFC and the excitatory anode over the left dorsolateral STG. Participants completed a reality monitoring task (distinguishing between external and internal memory sources) and an internal source monitoring task (distinguishing between two or more internal memory sources) in two separate experiments (offline vs. online tDCS). In the offline experiment (n = 34), both source monitoring tasks were completed after tDCS stimulation, and in the online experiment (n = 27) source monitoring tasks were completed while simultaneously being stimulated with tDCS. We found that internal source monitoring abilities were significantly enhanced during active online tDCS, while reality monitoring abilities were unaffected by stimulation in both experiments. We speculate, based on combining the present findings with previous studies, that there might be different brain areas involved in reality and internal source monitoring. While internal source monitoring seems to involve speech production areas, specifically Broca’s area, as suggested in the present study, reality monitoring seems to rely more on the STG and DLPFC, as shown in other studies of the field.

Senescent Tissue-Resident Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are an Internal Source of Inflammation in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage

Human osteoarthritic cartilage contains not only chondrocytes (OACs), but also mesenchymal stromal cells (OA-MSCs), whose abundance increases during osteoarthritis (OA). However, it is not clear how OA-MSC contributes to OA pathogenesis. Here, we show that aging OA-MSC plays an important role in cell senescence, fibrosis, and inflammation in cartilage. Protein array analysis indicates that OA-MSC expresses pro-inflammatory senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1, 5, and 6, which play key roles in OA pathogenesis. OAC is a main recipient of the inflammatory signals by expressing receptors of cytokines. RNAseq analysis indicates that the transition from normal cartilage stromal cells (NCSCs) to OA-MSC during aging results in activation of SASP gene expression. This cell transition process can be recapitulated by a serial passage of primary OAC in cell culture comprising (1) OAC dedifferentiation into NCSC-like cells, and (2) its subsequent senescence into pro-inflammatory OA-MSC. While OAC dedifferentiation is mediated by transcriptional repression of chondrogenic gene expression, OA-MSC senescence is mediated by transcriptional activation of SASP gene expression. We postulate that, through replication-driven OAC dedifferentiation and mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) senescence, OA-MSC becomes an internal source of sterile inflammation in human cartilage joint.