Locus of Control and Judgments about Another's Accident

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Steven Schiavo
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Defensive Attribution ◽  
Defensive Attribution Theory

Female Ss scoring internal and external on Rotter's scale rated the personal characteristics and responsibility of a stimulus person who experienced a chemical laboratory accident which varied in severity and type of consequences. Consistent with a strategy of denying threat, Internals reported that they were less like the accident perpetrator than did Externals, but contrary to predictions did not hold the person more accountable. Contrary to other studies and defensive attribution theory no support was found that the stimulus person's responsibility and characteristics were assigned on the basis of the accident's consequences.

Attribution of Blame Toward Offenders: Victim and Offender Ethnicity, and Observer Ethnic and Religious Background

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Rozmann ◽  
Inna Levy
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Minority Threat ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
Attribution Of Blame ◽  
Defensive Attribution ◽  
Defensive Attribution Theory ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Practical Implications

This study focuses on the effects of victim/offender ethnic affiliation and cultural background of observers on attitudes toward offenders. To examine the effect of cultural background, we compared offender attribution among Christian Arabs ( n = 51), Muslim Arabs ( n = 249), and Jews ( n = 285). The participants were students from several Israeli universities and colleges. The age range was 18 to 33 years ( M = 20.23, SD = 2.67), and the majority were female (75.6%). The participants read a version of a vignette describing a case of a stabbing, and then rated the offender’s blame. In different versions of the crime scenario, we manipulated victim and offender ethnicity: two victim (Arab/Jewish) and three offender (African/Arab/Jewish) types. The results indicate that, in general, participants blamed African offenders more than Arab or Jewish offenders. Although the results show that differences in offender blaming between Arab and Jewish participants were not statistically significant, there is an interaction between participant cultural background and victim ethnicity in regard to offender blaming: Participants attributed more blame to offenders who stabbed a victim belonging to the same ethnic group as the participants. Overall, the results support defensive attribution theory, suggesting that observer attitudes toward offenders tend to be affected by similarity in ethnic affiliation. The discussion addresses the findings through the perspectives of cultural reciprocity, defensive attribution theory, and minority threat theory. It also acknowledges the limitations related to the specific cultural and geopolitical context of this research. Practical implications for practitioners and policymakers include training and increased ethnic diversity among professionals and experts working within the criminal justice system.

PERPETRATOR OR VICTIM? EFFECTS OF WHO SUFFERS IN AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT ON JUDGEMENTAL STRICTNESS

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry I. Shaw ◽  
James A. Mcmartin
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Automobile Accident ◽  
Equity Principle ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Defensive Attribution ◽  
Male Subjects

After reading of an automobile accident in which the driver and/or bystanders either suffered or did not suffer, subjects rated the driver's responsibility for the accident and sentenced him to a jail term. The purpose of this experiment was to contrast three theoretical models: defensive attribution, moral salience, and equity. Results indicated that male subjects utilized an equity principle by relaxing their strictness of judgement, in terms of time sentenced to jail, when the accident perpetrator himself suffered harmful consequences. Females invoked a moral salience principle in that judgemental strictness increased only when bystanders were harmed. Regardless of sex, subjects expressed a preference for information regarding the personal characteristics of the accident perpetrator as contrasted with information about the environment. This finding was considered in relation to recent developments in attribution theory.

The Effects of Grouping, Self Esteem, and Locus of Control on Microcomputer Performance and Help Seeking by Mildly Handicapped Students

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merith A. Cosden ◽  
Judy P. English
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Math Problem Solving ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Instructional Literature ◽  
The Impact

The impact of grouping, learning handicap, locus of control, and self esteem on students' performance on a math problem-solving program was assessed in two studies. Outcome measures included: 1) the level of difficulty at which students selected to work, 2) use of a program help command, and 3) response accuracy with and without help. Despite indication from the non-computer instructional literature that grouping would facilitate problem-solving skills for some students, neither problem selections nor performance accuracy varied as a function of group configuration. Personal characteristics influenced problem selections, help seeking, and accuracy in anticipated directions but not consistently. More consistent patterns were noted as a function of initial student competency in math.

scholarly journals The construction of a normative scale of locus of control

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann M. Schepers
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
External Control ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
First Year University

The primary objective of the study was to construct a normative scale of locus of control for use with students and adults. A corollary of the study was to establish the personality, interest and cognitive correlates of locus of control. Conceptually the instrument is based on attribution theory and on social learning theory. The first edition of the Locus of Control Inventory (LCI) was applied to 356 first-year university students during 1994. A factor analysis of the 65 items of the inventory yielded three factors. The factors were interpreted as Autonomy, Internal Control and External Control. Three scales, corresponding to the three factors, were constructed, and yielded reliability coefficients of 0,80; 0,77 and 0,81 respectively. Following this the cognitive, interest and personality correlates of the LCI were determined. The implications of the findings are discussed. Opsomming Die hoofdoel van die studie was die konstruksie van ’n normatiewe skaal van lokus van beheer vir gebruik met studente en volwassenes. ’n Newe-doelwit van die studie was om die persoonlikheids-, belangstellings- en kognitiewe korrelate van lokus van beheer te bepaal. Konseptueel is die instrument op attribusieteorie en sosiale-leerteorie gebaseer. Die eerste-uitgawe van die Lokus van Beheervraelys (LvB) is op 356 eerstejaaruniversiteitstudente toegepas gedurende 1994. ’n Faktorontleding van die 65 items van die vraelys is gedoen en het drie faktore opgelewer. Die faktore is as Outonomie, Interne Beheer en Eksterne Beheer geïnterpreteer. Voorts is drie skale wat ooreenstem met die drie faktore, gekonstrueer en het betroubaarhede van 0,80; 0,77 en 0,81, onderskeidelik, opgelewer. Vervolgens is die kognitiewe, belangstellings- en persoonlikheidskorrelate van die LvB bepaal. Die implikasies van die bevindinge word bespreek.

scholarly journals PATIENT PREFERENCES FOR LEVEL OF HEALTH LITERACY IN APPS FOR CHRONIC DISEASE SELF-MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S962-S962
Author(s):  
Mary Louise Goodyear ◽  
Juan J Toral-Garcia ◽  
Amarilis Acevedo ◽  
Drenna Waldrup-Valverde ◽  
Raymond Ownby
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Health Locus Of Control ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Expert Recommendations

Abstract In spite of expert recommendations that written material should be provided at a level of health literacy that matches that of the person receiving it, there have been few studies of matching. In this study we evaluated the utility of a new strategy to assess patients’ preference for information at different difficulties and assessed the relation of their preference to measured health literacy and health locus of control (LOC). We measured health literacy in participants then asked them to choose between pairs of texts with the same content but at the 3rd, 6th, or 8th-grade levels. Statistical analyses assessed the relation of participants’ health literacy to their preference as well as personal characteristics. Participants (n = 155) were 84 women and 71 men aged from 40 to 82 years (mean=57; 136 African Americans and 19 whites). Participants had clear preferences: those with lower levels of health literacy preferred texts at the 3rd grade level and those with higher levels preferred more difficult texts. Preference was not related to age, gender or race but was to education and health literacy (p < 0.05). Persons who chose more difficult texts reported higher levels of internal health locus of control (t [144] = 2.68, p = 0.01). A predictive analytic model using education and preference resulted in 80% correct classification of participants. Using this model may be a simple way to match information presentation to patients’ level of health literacy. Further research on this strategy is needed.

Auditor Acceptance of Dysfunctional Audit Behavior: An Explanatory Model Using Auditors' Personal Characteristics

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Donnelly ◽  
Jeffrey J. Quirin ◽  
David O'Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Dysfunctional Behavior

Dysfunctional behavior (DB) and staff turnover are associated with decreased audit quality (Public Oversight Board 2000). Dysfunctional behaviors such as premature sign-off, gathering of insufficient evidence, altering or replacing audit procedures, and underreporting of time have negative effects on the auditing profession. While recent studies suggest that dysfunctional behavior is a widespread problem (Smith 1995; Otley and Pierce 1995), extant research fails to adequately explain the causes. In this study, the organizational behavior and industrial psychology literatures provide the basis for developing and testing a model that identifies locus of control, performance, and turnover intentions as determinants of auditor acceptance of DB. Using a cross-organizational design and a structural equation modeling technique, survey results from 106 auditors generally support the explanatory model. Results indicate that auditors who are more accepting of DB tend to possess an external locus of control, report lower levels of self-rated performance, and exhibit higher turnover intentions. These results suggest that individual auditor characteristics play a role in identifying those who are more accepting of DB.

A Mixed Method Study of Intimate Partner Violence: How Sex and Severity Impact Perpetrator Prior Involvement, Abnormality, and Responsibility

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Savage ◽  
Jennifer A. Scarduzio ◽  
Kate Lockwood Harris ◽  
Kellie E. Carlyle
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Intimate Terrorism ◽  
Male Perpetrators ◽  
Female Perpetrators ◽  
Defensive Attribution Theory ◽  
Method Approach

This study employed a mixed method approach to examine the effects of participant sex, perpetrator sex, and severity of violence on perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators. Quantitative participants (n = 449) completed a survey and qualitative participants (n = 31) participated in a focus group or an interview. Participants believed that it was more likely male perpetrators had prior involvement in IPV. Participants rated stories of female perpetrators as more abnormal than stories of male perpetrators. Participants in the weak severity of violence condition had lower evaluations of responsibility than the strong or fatal severity of violence conditions and only women were discerning about perpetrator sex in their ratings of responsibility. Theoretical implications extend intimate terrorism and defensive attribution theory.

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