Bias in Learning Disabilities Placement

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1243-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Academic Ability ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Placement Decisions ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Nationally Representative

A nationally representative sample of 20,614 eighth grade students was examined for bias in placement decisions for children said to have learning disabilities. Factors investigated for bias were race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Path analysis showed significant and direct paths from sex and race to placement, controlling for socioeconomic status, academic ability, and behavioral competency. Boys were overrepresented in such classes beyond what their somewhat lower academic and behavioral competencies would predict. Caucasians were similarly overrepresented controlling for other variables in the model. It appears that boys and Caucasians are overrepresented in learning disabilities placements on a national scale even when other contributing factors are controlled.

Socioeconomic disparities in psychological distress in a nationally representative sample of Japanese adolescents: A time trend study

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Kachi ◽  
Aya Abe ◽  
Emiko Ando ◽  
Tomoyuki Kawada
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Nationally Representative

Objective: Socioeconomic status as a determinant of mental health problems has received scant attention in Japan, which has long been considered an egalitarian society. This study examined the association between socioeconomic status and psychological distress and its trends over 6 years among Japanese adolescents. Methods: We used data from a nationally representative sample of 9491 adolescents aged 12–18 years who participated in three repeated cross-sectional surveys between 2007 and 2013. The K6 scale was used to assess psychological distress. Socioeconomic status indicators included household income, parental education, parental working status and household structure. Results: Psychological distress prevalence decreased significantly from 2007 (10.7%) to 2013 (7.6%). However, the socioeconomic status patterns of psychological distress were consistent through the study period. Adolescents living in both lower (odds ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval = [1.27, 2.05]) and higher income households (odds ratio = 1.30; 95% confidence interval = [1.03, 1.62]) were more likely to report psychological distress than their middle-income counterparts. Adolescents with low household income were more likely to feel stress from interpersonal relationships and less likely to have help-seeking behaviors, while those with high household income were more likely to feel stress about school achievement. Psychological distress was also associated with parental poor education and single parenthood. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status disparities in adolescent psychological distress were evident and consistent during the 6-year period. There is a unique U-shaped relationship between household income and psychological distress among adolescents in Japan, unlike those from other countries. However, the underlying mechanisms may differ by income status. Future prevention efforts should consider socioeconomic status as a determinant of adolescent mental health problems.

scholarly journals Early Temperament Prospectively Predicts Anxiety in Later Childhood

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 320-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie V Grant ◽  
Alexa L Bagnell ◽  
Christine T Chambers ◽  
Sherry H Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Nationally Representative

Objective: To investigate the contribution of early childhood temperamental constructs corresponding to 2 subtypes of general negative emotionality—fearful distress (unadaptable temperament) and irritable distress (fussy–difficult temperament)—to later anxiety in a nationally representative sample. Method: Using multiple linear regression analyses, we tested the hypothesis that caregiver-reported child unadaptable temperament and fussy–difficult temperament scales of children aged 2 to 3 years (in 1995) would prospectively predict caregiver-reported child anxiety symptoms at ages 4 to 5, 6 to 7, 8 to 9, and 10 to 11 years, and child-reported anxiety at 10 to 11 years (controlling for sex, age, and socioeconomic status) in a nationally representative sample from Statistics Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (initial weighted n = 768 600). Results: Only fussy–difficult temperament predicted anxiety in children aged 6 to 7 years. In separate regressions, unadaptable temperament and fussy–difficult temperament each predicted anxiety at 8 to 9 years, but when both were entered simultaneously, only unadaptable temperament remained a marginal predictor. Temperament did not significantly predict caregiver- or child-reported anxiety at 10 to 11 years, suggesting that as children age, environmental factors may become more important contributors to anxiety than early temperament. Conclusion: Our results provide the first demonstration that early temperament is related to later childhood anxiety in a nationally representative sample.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Growth Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample of Iranian Adolescents According to Socioeconomic Status: The CASPIAN-III Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Bahreynian ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
Ramin Heshmat ◽  
Gelayol Ardalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Nationally Representative
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