The Vengeance Scale: Comparison of Groups and an Assessment of External Validity

When the Vengeance Scale was developed, it was tested on 600 undergraduate students and showed high criterion validity and high construct validity; however, external validity was in question given the homogeneity of the group sampled. In the present study three groups—20 male and 48 female college students, 37 male and 5 female prison inmates, and 10 male and 3 female police officers—were involved in assessing external validity of the scale. We hypothesized inmates would score the highest with police officers and students ranking second and third, respectively. As predicted the inmates reported a significantly higher score than did the police officers and the students.

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Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Outcome Expectancies for Thinness (IOET) Scale: Evidence for Validity, Reliability, and Utility in the Study of Eating Disturbances in Females

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1521/jscp.2019.38.2.160 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 160-179

Author(s):

Mingqi Li ◽

Edward C. Chang ◽

Olivia D. Chang

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Negative Affectivity ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Outcome Expectancies ◽

Female College Students ◽

Eating Disturbances ◽

Female College

Introduction: Interpersonal context is believed to represent a powerful factor that often fosters and sustains eating disturbances in females. The present study focused on the development of a measure tapping into positive interpersonal expectancies predicated on being thin believed to be positively involved in eating disorders in females, namely, the Interpersonal Outcome Expectancies for Thinness (IOET). Method: In Study 1, a total of 361 U.S. female college students completed the IOET for factor analysis. In Study 2, to assess for construct validity, an independent sample of 184 U.S. female college students completed a test battery including the IOET and measures of eating attitudes and disturbances, positive and negative affectivity, and general optimism. Results: In Study 1, results from an exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor solution for the IOET accounting for 76.70% of the total variance. In Study 2, the IOET was found to possess good test-retest reliability (6-week) in a subset sample of U.S. female participants. Moreover, in support for construct validity, we found IOET scores were positively associated with scores on measures of eating disturbances (e.g., bulimic symptoms) and negative affectivity. Additionally, IOET scores were negatively associated with scores on a measure of general optimism. Finally, in support of utility, the IOET was found to add incremental validity to the prediction of eating disturbances, even after accounting for general optimism and affectivity. Discussion: The present findings provide promising evidence for the validity, reliability, and utility of the IOET as a measure of a maladaptive cognitive schema associated with eating disorders in females. Implications for the theory and clinical assessments were discussed.

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Further Validation of the Ethical Reasoning Inventory

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1979.45.3.985 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 985-986 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James Bode ◽

Roger Page

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

High School ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Moral Judgment ◽

Short Form ◽

Ethical Reasoning ◽

Female College Students ◽

Female College ◽

School Subjects

To assess its utility with high school subjects and further assess its construct validity, the Ethical Reasoning Inventory was administered to two student samples. 78 high school boys received both the Ethical Reasoning Inventory and the Kohlberg Moral Judgment Interview while 31 male and 38 female college students were given the inventory along with the Short-form Dogmatism Scale. The results indicate that the Ethical Reasoning Inventory does possess construct validity, is able to discriminate high school from college groups, and can be used with subjects at least as young as 14 yr. old.

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Gender Stereotyping and Inequality Behind the Slogans: A Case Study in Chinese Tertiary Education

Education as Change ◽

10.25159/1947-9417/9014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Yang ◽

Zhongrun Chen ◽

Xunqian Liu

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Mainland China ◽

Gender Stereotyping ◽

Campus Culture ◽

Female College Students ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Chinese College Students ◽

Female College

The increasing number of female students in China has contributed to reducing the gender gaps in tertiary education over the past decades; however, the debate about gender inequality in tertiary education is ongoing. This study examines how the slogans on the banners for Girls’ Day celebrations from 2018–2020 on university campuses in mainland China convey male students’ willingness to provide help and support for the perceived academic issues faced by female college students, while surreptitiously conveying gender stereotyping and intelligence quotient (IQ) prejudice in the current university campus culture. These slogans occupy a prominent position on campus and help to evaluate the perceptions of both male and female college students regarding these issues. Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with 16 undergraduate students at two universities. The analysis revealed that female IQ bias based on gender stereotyping is an enduring issue, which has been unintentionally inherited from previous generations of Chinese college students. The article reveals that despite the increased number of female college students, “benevolent discrimination” against women still exists in various forms in the campus culture and gender roles have not transformed much. The findings of this study can inform future gender education, orienting its effort towards a clearly identified niche of users.

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