Social Desirability Scores of South African and Canadian Students

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuntufye S. Mwamwenda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
African Students ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

The purpose of this study was to assess the scores of 161 African (97 girls and 64 boys) and 190 Canadian students (107 girls and 83 boys) on Eysenck's social desirability scale which indicates the extent to which one is Likely to describe his personality favourably. Analysis showed South African students scored higher than Canadian students, both boys and girls, but there were no gender differences between African or Canadian boys and girls. Cross-cultural differences may be attributable to cultural and child-rearing practices of South Africans and Canadians.

A Comparison of Two Samples, South Africans and Canadians, on Social Desirability

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuntufye S. Mwamwenda
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
African Women ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Canadian Youth ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Cultural Experiences

Reanalysis of previously collected scores from 86 African adults (22.4 yr. old) and 190 Canadian youth (17.4 yr.) on Eysenck's social desirability scale indicated differences across gender and cultures in describing one's own personality favourably. Whereas there was no gender difference for the Canadian adolescents, African women scored higher than the African men and the Canadian boys and girls. While the gender and cross-cultural differences are consistent with some prior work, they should be examined in greater detail with respect to cultural experiences and measures of personality, child-rearing, and aspirations.

Black South Africans and Canadians on Neuroticism as a Dimension of Personality

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuntufye S. Mwamwenda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Black South Africans

This study was done to assess gender and cultural differences on neuroticism as a dimension of personality among both Canadians and Black South Africans. No statistically significant cross-cultural differences were observed. However, statistically significant gender differences emerged among both Canadian and African men and women, with the latter scoring higher on neuroticism than the former.

Cross-Cultural Differences and Similarities in Retailers' Branding and Digital Maturity

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
Andreas Hesse ◽  
Pieter Steenkamp ◽  
Holger J. Schmidt ◽  
Virimai V. Mugobo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
South African ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Central Business Districts ◽  
Digital Disruption ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Digital disruption is not something that may happen in the future; it is currently happening and impacting all types of businesses, including retail. This chapter reflects cross-cultural similarities and differences. German and South African consumers increasingly use the internet to look for product information and to purchase online products and services. Nevertheless, about 25% of German and South African companies in the study sample are more or less offline, not offering even basic digital services, while a significant number of companies ignore opportunities for branding. The digital maturity and branding practices of 933 businesses located within the central business districts of two international cities of similar regional importance, namely Koblenz in Germany and Stellenbosch in South Africa, were investigated. Retailers were analysed in order to compare and contrast their progression along a digital maturity scale as well as their branding practices. The case study presented in this chapter aimed to provide a starting point for the development of such a picture.

Vive la Différence

2009 ◽  
pp. 2644-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gefen ◽  
Nitza Geri ◽  
Narasimha Paravastu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

In the ITC cross-cultural literature, we often talk about the differences among peoples and how their respective culture and history may affect their adoption and preference usage patterns of ITC. However, do we really need to look that far to find such cross-cultural differences? Considering language is one of the major defining attributes of culture, this article takes a sociolinguistic approach to argue that there is also a cross-cultural aspect to ITC adoption within the same culture. Sociolinguists have claimed for years that, to a large extent, the communication between men and women, even within the supposedly same culture, has such characteristics because men and women communicate with different underlying social objectives and so their communication patterns are very different. This article examines this sociolinguistic perspective in the context of online courses. A key finding is that although the stage is set to smother cultural and gender differences if participants wish to do so through ITC, gender based cultural patterns still emerge. These differences were actually strong enough to allow us to significantly identify the gender of the student, despite the gender neutral context of the course discussions. Implications for ITC, in general, in view of this Vive la Différence, are discussed.

Preventing compulsive shopping among young South-Africans and Germans

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Duh ◽  
Teichert Thorsten
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Compulsive Shopping ◽  
Content Type ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Young Consumers ◽  
Money Attitude

PurposeYoung consumers globally are susceptible to becoming compulsive shoppers. Having negative consequences and considering that compulsive shopping may originate from past family life experiences, this study aims to use human capital life-course and positive-activity theories to suggest a socio-psychological pathway for prevention. It also examined the mediating influence of happiness and money attitude.Design/methodology/approachUniversity students in South Africa (N= 171) and in Germany (N= 202) were surveyed. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test relationships and multi-group analysis (MGA) assessed cross-cultural differences.FindingsEmotional family resources received during childhood positively impacted happiness at young adulthood, which was found to be a positive driver of budget money attitude. Budget money attitude in turn limited compulsive shopping for German young consumers but not for South Africans. Cross-cultural differences are also observed in mediating effects of happiness and budget money attitude.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on self-reported data from university students; this might limit the generalisability of findings.Social implicationsA positive relationship between happiness and desirable money attitude was confirmed. This study additionally contributes by showing that for South African and German young consumers, adequate childhood emotional family resources is a happiness’ driver. This thus exposes the multiplier effects of simple acts of showing love and attention to children and how these family emotional resources can progressively limit dysfunctional consumer behaviour in the future.Originality/valueUnlike complex psychotherapeutical and psychopharmacological treatments of compulsive buying that are being suggested, this study borrows from family, consumer and economic–psychological disciplines to suggest simple preventive measures.

scholarly journals Difference in Perception of Onset of Old Age in Traditional (Hadza) and Modern (Polish) Societies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7079
Author(s):  
Tomasz Frąckowiak ◽  
Agata Groyecka-Bernard ◽  
Anna Oleszkiewicz ◽  
Marina Butovskaya ◽  
Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Psychological Perceptions

Despite relatively clear physiological indicators of old age, little is known about cross-cultural differences in psychological perceptions of the transition to old age. Although recent studies suggest consistency between modern countries, the subjective perception of old age onset in traditional societies remains poorly explored. Therefore, we compared the perception of timing of old age between a traditional tribe of hunter-gatherers (the Hadza) and a Polish sample representing a modern, industrialized population. The results indicate that the Hadza perceive old age onset as being significantly earlier than do the Poles. Furthermore, we found between-gender differences in the Polish sample: men set a lower threshold of old age onset than women. The Hadza showed no between-gender difference. Although the samples were matched for age, a larger proportion of Hadza considered themselves old. We discuss these findings from cultural and demographical perspectives.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural differences in social desirability scales: Influence of cognitive ability

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aletta Odendaal
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Culture And Language

Orientation: The use of personality tests for selection and screening has been consistently criticised resulting from the risk of socially desirable responding amongst job applicants. Research purpose: This study examined the magnitude of culture and language group meanscore differences amongst job applicants and the moderating effect of race on the relationship between social desirability and cognitive ability. Motivation for the study: The influence of cognitive ability and potential race and ethnic group differences in social desirability scale scores, which can lead to disproportional selection ratios, has not been extensively researched in South Africa. Research design, approach and method: A quantitative, cross-sectional research design, based on secondary datasets obtained from the test publisher, was employed. The dataset consisted of 1640 job applicants across industry sectors. Main findings: Moderated multiple regression analyses revealed that the relationship between social desirability and general reasoning was moderated by culture and language, with group differences in social desirability being more pronounced at the low general reasoning level. This suggests that social desirability scales may be an ambiguous indicator of faking as the scales may indicate tendency to fake, but not the ability to fake, that is likely to be connected to the level of cognitive ability of the respondent.Practical/managerial implications: Individual differences in social desirability are not fully explained by cognitive ability as cultural differences also played a role. Responding in a certain manner, reflects a level of psychological sophistication that is informed by the level of education and socio-economic status. In relation to selection practice, this study provided evidence of the potentially adverse consequences of using social desirability scales to detect response distortion. Contribution/value-add: The exploration of cross-cultural differences in the application of social desirability scales and the influence of cognitive ability is seen as a major contribution, supported by possible explanations for the differences observed and recommendations regarding the practice of universal corrections and adjustments.

Vive la Différence

2009 ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
David Gefen ◽  
Nitza Geri ◽  
Narasimha Paravastu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

In the ITC cross-cultural literature, we often talk about the differences among peoples and how their respective culture and history may affect their adoption and preference usage patterns of ITC. However, do we really need to look that far to find such cross-cultural differences? Considering language is one of the major defining attributes of culture, this article takes a sociolinguistic approach to argue that there is also a cross-cultural aspect to ITC adoption within the same culture. Sociolinguists have claimed for years that, to a large extent, the communication between men and women, even within the supposedly same culture, has such characteristics because men and women communicate with different underlying social objectives and so their communication patterns are very different. This article examines this sociolinguistic perspective in the context of online courses. A key finding is that although the stage is set to smother cultural and gender differences if participants wish to do so through ITC, gender based cultural patterns still emerge. These differences were actually strong enough to allow us to significantly identify the gender of the student, despite the gender neutral context of the course discussions. Implications for ITC, in general, in view of this Vive la Différence, are discussed.

Business ethics in Canada, China and Taiwan

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huilin Xiao ◽  
Zhenzhong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

Purpose – This paper aims to explore cross-cultural differences in perceived ethicality of negotiation strategies among China, Taiwan and Canada by examining five categories of strategies often used in business negotiations. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a survey method to investigate a group of over 600 business students’ opinions on the ethicality of a variety of negotiation strategies often used during the bargaining process. Findings – The results show that the Chinese both from the mainland and from Taiwan consider it more appropriate to use ethically questionable negotiation strategies than Canadians. In addition, significant gender differences are found for Canadians, in that male Canadians are more likely to consider it appropriate to use ethically questionable strategies in all five categories than females, while no gender differences are found for mainland Chinese in all but one category, with a moderate level of gender differences found for the Taiwanese. Practical implications – The findings of this paper help explain why there are different understandings toward what is ethical and what is not in negotiations, which can be used to better equip practitioners to accurately label and understand negotiation strategies they may otherwise deem unethical. A better understanding of cross-cultural differences in business ethics can also help practitioners avoid the feelings of anger and mistrust toward their opponents and thus avoid using tactics that might incite more anger and hatred from the other party. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the cross-cultural literature on ethical attitudes and behaviors and helps us better understand cross-cultural differences in business ethics in a negotiation context. This paper narrows this gap by empirically validating some of the Western findings in China and Taiwan. The results also provide support for a set of commonly accepted strategies to be used in business negotiation.

Cross-cultural differences in temperament in the first year of life: United States of America (US) and Russia

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Gartstein ◽  
Helena R. Slobodskaya ◽  
Irina A. Kinsht
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
And Gender

Cross-cultural differences in temperament were evaluated for Russian ( N = 90) and US ( N = 90) samples of infants. Significant differences in levels of temperament characteristics, and the structure of temperament, were anticipated. Age and gender differences evaluated for the Russian sample were expected to be consistent with those reported for US infants. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, a recently developed parent-report assessment tool, was utilised with both samples. Differences between these cultures were evaluated for 14 dimensions of temperament: activity level, smiling/laughter, fear, distress to limitations, duration of orienting, soothability, vocal reactivity, high and low intensity pleasure, falling reactivity, affiliation/cuddliness, perceptual sensitivity, sadness, and approach. Significant differences between Russian and US infants emerged for six of the IBQ-R scales. Parents of infants in the US reported higher levels of smiling/laughter, high and low intensity pleasure, perceptual sensitivity, and vocal reactivity, whereas Russian infants’ scores were higher for distress to limitations. Correlation matrix comparison procedure and exploratory factor analysis indicated differences in the structure of temperament for the two cultural groups. Age differences observed for the Russian infants were generally consistent with those reported for a US sample; gender differences did not emerge in this study.

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