scholarly journals The Development of the Book Collection of the Detvan Association in Prague until the End of the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Lukáš Hedmeg
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Systematic Expansion ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Slovak Language

At the turn of the 20th century, Slovaks faced new national challenges in the political and social conditions of Austria-Hungary. The Hungarisation efforts of the Hungarian government along with frequent accusations of pan-Slavism motivated a part of Slovak students coming from a nationally conscious environment to leave for studies in the Czech part of the monarchy. From its foundation in 1882, the Detvan association in Prague planned to develop educational and literary activities with an emphasis on the Slovak language and culture. This led to an urgent need for the establishment of the association’s own library, which could be used by its members. The article focuses its attention on the creation and systematic expansion and improvement of the book collection of the Detvan association between 1882 and the end of the 19th century. It primarily deals with the growth, subdivision and genre profiling of the library and, last but not least, also with lending activities, closely associated with that.

scholarly journals Reforming Police: Opportunities, Drivers and Challenges

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Stenning ◽  
Clifford D. Shearing
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Quiet Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

A few years ago, David Bayley and Clifford Shearing (1996) argued that at the end of the 20th century we were witnessing a ‘watershed’ in policing, when transformations were occurring in the practices and sponsorship of policing on a scale unprecedented since the developments that heralded the creation of the ‘New Police’ in the 19th century. In this special issue of the journal, we and our fellow contributors turn our attention to a somewhat neglected aspect of this ‘quiet revolution’ in policing (Stenning & Shearing, 1980), namely the nature of the opportunities for, and challenges posed by, the reform of policing in different parts of the world at the beginning of the 21st century. Our attention in this issue is particularly focused on the opportunities, drivers and challenges in reforming public (state-sponsored) police institutions.

scholarly journals Influenţe Secession În Lirica Blagiană

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Denisa-Maria Frătean
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Gustav Klimt ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSecession Influences in Blaga’s Poetry (Influențe Secession în lirica blagiană) – This essay analyses the impact of the years spent in Vienna on the formation of Lucian Blaga, taking into consideration the fact that, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the capital of the Empire was the centre of an impressive art movement called the "Vienna Secession". The aim of this paper is to identify the similarities that can be established between the art of the painter Gustav Klimt, a representative figure for that period and the president of Secession, and the poetry of Blaga. The comparison includes the symbols to be found in the works of the two artists, such as the spring flowers and the serpents, the dominant colours, the type of lines used in the creation of their images and the reaction of people to their modern art.

7. The impact of Methodism

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
William J. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Successful Schools ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Temperance Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

‘The impact of Methodism’ considers Methodism’s impact on and contribution to social movements, politics, education, and healthcare. Social movements that were deeply influenced by Methodism include the abolition of slavery in the 19th century and the Temperance Movement in the 20th century. The Methodist tradition has always encouraged diversity of judgement in the political arena and Methodists can be found on both the conservative and progressive wings of politics. One of the most important expressions of social holiness in Methodism shows up in its role in education. Methodists founded numerous successful schools and universities around the world. Methodism has also had an impact on popular and high culture.

scholarly journals A contemporary Algerian Girl Tells her Story

1970 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Lebanese American University
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
National Liberation Front ◽  
The 19Th Century

A French colony in the 19th century, Algeria was awakened to the ideas of independence in the early 20th century, particularly after the organization of the FLN (National Liberation Front) in 1930. Women were encouraged to participate in the political struggle but the era of independence did not bring them the liberation they expected.

scholarly journals Shevchenko in perception of ‘little russian’ environment of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Roxana Kharchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The Political ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Common People ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper deals with the perception of Shevchenko’s works in the ‘Little Russian’ environment of the 19th century. The interpretations within this social group may be defined as profane because its representatives treated Shevchenko exclusively in the limits of ethnography and as a poet of the common people, while his artistic, national, and political significance was obscured. The author refers to private, public, and secret documents. These are P. Seletskyi’s memoirs; P. Galagan’s journal; the correspondence of K. Kersten with her cousin, member of Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood O. Markovych; M. Rigelman’s polemical paper on Ukrainophilism; T. Florynskyi’s work on Ukrainian language and Ukrainian literary separatism; the notes on the Ukrainophile movement by M. Yuzefovych. The following spectrum of ‘Little Russian’ discourse regarding Shevchenko has been defined: ambivalent attitude (P. Seletskyi); an attempt to combine respect for Shevchenko with loyalty to the Russian emperor and empire (H. Galagan); strictly negative and arrogant attitude (K. Kersten); attempts to separate Shevchenko from Ukrainophilism, Ukrainian language and literature (M. Rigelman and T. Florynskyi), understanding of Shevchenko as a creator of Ukrainophilism (M. Yuzefovych). The presence of the poet’s name in reports to the 3rd Department indicates that apprehending Ukrainian separatism, the Russian imperial structures traditionally treated Shevchenko at the political level, just like issues of the Ukrainian language, culture or education. In the context of prohibitions concerning Ukrainian language and culture, the ‘Little Russian’ discourse of interpreting Shevchenko was inevitably politicized and became identified with the imperial one.

scholarly journals The Historical Memory of the 1812 War in Lithuania in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: A Complex Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-97
Author(s):  
Virgilijus Pugačiauskas ◽  
Olga Mastianica-Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Discourse ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

In historiography, significant attention to the memory culture of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe focuses on issues relating to the memory culture of the Franco-Russian War of 1812; however, the case of Lithuania is not commonly analysed separately, thus this article discusses how assessments of the 1812 war were maintained in the historical memory in Lithuania. The Russian government offered the population in the lands of the former GDL its official version of the historical memory of the 1812 war (of a heroic battle against an invader), which contradicted the version this population considered as ‘its own’, experienced as their support for Napoleon and the new political and social prospects they believed he would bring. The Russian government’s censorship of written literature suppressed the spread of the people’s ‘own’ local historical memory, yet it did not prove to be so effective due to the population’s very limited opportunities to use the printed word. Communicative memory dominated in the land in the first half of the 19th century, becoming the main source testifying to and passing on to subsequent generations the actual multifaceted experiences of the 1812 war, including the chance of liberation from the yoke of the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, representatives of local Russian imperial government structures and the local Russian intelligentsia, responding to the 1812 war as a Polish struggle for freedom and a symbol of political independence, explained in academic, educational and popular literature that the hopes of the Poles related to Napoleon were actually unfounded: the French emperor had no intentions of restoring the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within its historical boundaries, but simply wanted to fill his army units with Polish forces. It was highlighted that this expression of Polish support for Napoleon stopped the Russian imperial government’s potential plans to restore the Poles’ former statehood. This so-called regional narrative which appeared in history textbooks and was used by exacting emotional and visual impact in order to influence the political and cultural provisions of the younger generation had a dual purpose. First, to justify the discriminatory policies against individuals of ‘Polish origins’. Second, to ‘block’ the path for using the 1812 war as a historical argument testifying not just to the common historical past and struggle of Poles and Lithuanians but also their possible political future, which was openly expressed in the Polish national discourse of the early 20th century. Over the course of a hundred years, despite the government’s actions, Poles managed to uphold ‘their own’ historical memory about the 1812 war; its meanings were spread in various forms of media such as fictional literature, museum exhibitions and history textbooks, and were used to shape the political and cultural position of the younger generation. In the Lithuanian national discourse on the other hand, the 1812 war, along with the 1830–1831 and 1863–1864 uprisings, was viewed as a matter concerning the Poles and the Polonised nobility, and it was thus a foreign place of historical memory. The 1812 war and assessments of its potential importance to Lithuanians in the Lithuanian national discourse of the early 20th century were one-off cases and fragmented, while their spread among broader layers of society was limited.

Catalonia and Regional Self-Government in the First Quarter of the 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Georgy Filatov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Elite ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Mancomunitat represents the first experience of self-government in Catalonia in the 20th century. This idea began to form among Catalan intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century, when the interests of the local bourgeoisie and the cultural elite of the region unexpectedly coincided in connection with the need to defend their interests before the central authorities. The Mancomunitat emerged at a time when the political system of the restoration was in crisis as the main monarchist parties were ousted from the political life of the region by Catalanists and Republicans. In these conditions, the Spanish government preferred to satisfy the demands of the nationalists, since they were a more conservative force and did not pretend to change the political system of Spain. As a result, the Catalan provinces were able to create the Mancomunitat, which allowed them to coordinate efforts to deal with administrative issues.

scholarly journals Clashing cultural nationalisms: the 19th-century Danish-German intellectual debate, the Schleswig wars (1848-1864), and some reflections on the cultural roots of National Socialism

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Francesco La Rocca
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Roots ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Contribution

Romantic culture, far from only being an intellectual phenomenon, was a pivotal element in the 19th-century nation-building processes experienced in Europe, and it ended up influencing and being influenced by contemporary political events. The wars waged between Denmark and the German Confederation (1848-1864) are a foremost example of it, as the political claims for the control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg intertwined with the intellectual polemics between some prominent German scholars (Jacob Grimm, Karl Müllenhoff etc.) who intended to prove the German nature of the duchies’ cultural heritage and of Scandinavian cultures in general, and some Danish intellectuals (Nicolai Grundtvig, Rasmus Rask etc.) who strove to undo what they perceived as a politically-charged cultural aggression. The relevance of the Schleswig Wars and their related intellectual debate is not restricted to 19th-century studies, as some authors of the second half of the 20th century have suggested that the German-Danish intellectual conflict over the heritage of the Old North was actually a prelude to what would eventually be Nazi Germany’s totalitarian ideology. Unfortunately, little has been written so far on the relationship between the Schleswig Wars and the then-contemporary scholarly debate. This article is intended to be an effective contribution in this direction.

scholarly journals Jadidism Movement Reflected In Kyrgyz Literature

Turkology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (103) ◽  
pp. 80-98
Author(s):  
E. Karslı ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Spiritual Awareness ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ceditism, which emerged in Turkistan at the end of the 19th century and completed its formation at the beginning of the 20th century, directly or indirectly affected the entire Turkic world, especially the Tatars, under the leadership of İsmail Gaspıralı. The Kyrgyz intellectuals, who were influenced by the Tatar intellectuals, had the idea of enlightening the Kyrgyz people by studying in schools that provide education with the understanding of Usul-u Jadid. In general in the works of Kyrgyz intellectuals; they focused on the problems in social life during the Tsarist period, people's falling behind from the developing social order, the pressures of the rulers and awakening an uneducated society from the sleep of ignorance. At the threshold of these issues, the studies carried out to enlighten future generations in the field of education with the effect of the Usul-u Jadid schools, the aim of creating national and spiritual awareness, expressions emphasizing the importance of education in the mother tongue are frequently encountered in period works. In particular, educational reading books for children, works reflecting the Kyrgyz history and culture, printing studies for the creation of the Kyrgyz alphabet and the development of Kyrgyz Turkish, and poems performed with the tradition of oral literature were published. In line with the literary works of the Kyrgyz intellectuals, this article tries to mention the development of Jadidchi thought and its general landscape in Kyrgyz literature.

scholarly journals KEY CONCEPTS OF SERBIAN RULERS ON THE ISSUE OF THE ALLIANCE OF THE BALKAN STATES AND PEOPLES FROM 1860 TO 1912

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
DRAGAN ĐUKANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since the middle of the 19th century, ideas related to the mutual rapprochement of the Balkan states and the creation of their broader associations have appeared within the ruling circles in Serbia. In that sense, the author analyzes the concepts of the Balkan unions of the rulers from the Serbian dynasty Obrenović (Prince Mihailo, King Milan and King Aleksandar), as well as King Petar I Karađorđević starting from 1860 to 1912. These concepts of the Balkan alliance, whether they were autochthonous or otherwise the result of the influence of the leading political factors of the then European order, did not have a significant foothold in the then public of Serbia. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of a transient inclusive Balkan alliance aiming to liberate certain parts of the Balkans from the Ottoman Empire prevailed, and after its success in 1912, it was modified by the abandonment of Bulgaria. Also, despite the undoubtedly unfavorable international influences and the aspiration of the Balkan states to round up their ethnic territories, there was no genuine possibility to realize the concept of Balkan interstate solidarity during the second half of the 19th century.

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