scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Fish Oil on Mammary Gland Development and Milk Production of Holstein Cow

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda Javaheri Barfourooshi ◽  
Armin Towhidi ◽  
Hassan Sadeghipanah ◽  
Mahdi Zhandi ◽  
Saeed Zeinoaldini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Gland Development

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding oil supplement on mammary gland development and milk production responses in Holstein cows. Ten multiparous Holstein cows (42.2±9.2 d before calving, 3.25±0.25 body condition score, and 620±35 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments were a diet with oil added as palm oil (PO; n=5), or fish oil (FO; n=5) given to cows until 63 d in milk. Milk yield was recorded daily, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solid and somatic cell count) was measured weekly and fatty acid profiles of milk fat were determined at first and last week of the experiment. Samples of mammary tissue were obtained at 7 and 63 d in milk by biopsy gun. Tissue slides were analyzed by Image J software. Results showed that fish oil supplemented diet compared to the palm oil supplemented diet increased milk production after 6 weeks of lactation (P<0.05), content of polyunsaturated fatty acids milk fat (P<0.05) and docosahexaenoic acid (P<0.01). Moreover, n-6:n-3 ratio was decreased by fish oil supplement (P<0.05). Histological studies showed that FO increased the relative percentage of tissue area occupied by epithelial cells as well as a number of total alveoli in each microscopic field (P<0.05). Data suggested that feeding fish oil during the dry period and early lactation could improve development and function of the mammary gland in the dairy cow.

scholarly journals Expression and localisation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the bovine mammary gland during development, function and involution

2003 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Schams ◽  
S Kohlenberg ◽  
W Amselgruber ◽  
B Berisha ◽  
MW Pfaffl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Gland Development

It is now well established that oestrogen and progesterone are absolutely essential for mammary gland development. Lactation can be induced in non-pregnant animals by sex steroid hormone treatment. Most of the genomic actions of oestrogens are mediated by two oestrogen receptors (ER)-alpha and ERbeta, and for gestagens in ruminants by the progesterone receptor (PR). Our aim was the evaluation of mRNA expression and protein (localisation and Western blotting) during mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis (early, middle and late) and involution (8, 24, 28, 96-108 h and 14-28 days after the end of milking) in the bovine mammary gland (total no. 53). During these stages, the mRNA was assessed by means of real-time RT-PCR (LightCycler). The protein for ERalpha, ERbeta and PR was localised by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The mRNA expression results indicated the existence of ERalpha, ERbeta and PR in bovine mammary gland. Both ERalpha and PR are expressed in fg/ micro g total RNA range. The highest mRNA expression was found for ERalpha and PR in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, followed by a significant decrease to a lower level at the time of lactogenesis with low concentrations remaining during lactation and the first 4 weeks of involution. In contrast, the expression of ERbeta was about 1000-fold lower (ag/ micro g total RNA) and showed no clear difference during the stages examined, with a significant increase only 2-4 weeks after the end of milking. Immunolocalisation for ERalpha revealed a strong positive staining in nuclei of lactocytes in non-pregnant heifers, became undetectable during pregnancy, lactogenesis and lactation, and was again detectable 14-28 days after the end of milking. In contrast, PR was localised in the nuclei of epithelial cells in the mammary tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, in primigravid animals, and during late lactation and involution. During lactogenesis, peak and mid lactation, fewer nuclei of epithelial cells were positive, but increased staining of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells was obvious. ERalpha and ERbeta protein was found in all mammary gland stages examined by Western blotting. In contrast to mRNA expression, the protein signal for ERalpha was weaker in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers and during involution (4 weeks). ERbeta protein showed a stronger signal (two isoform bands) in non-pregnant heifers and 4 weeks after the end of milking. This correlated with the mRNA expression data. Three isoforms of PR (A, B and C) were found by Western blotting in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, but only isoform B remained during the following stages (lactogenesis, galactopoiesis and involution). In conclusion, the mRNA expression and protein data for ER and PR showed clear regulatory changes, suggesting involvement of these receptors in bovine mammary gland development and involution.

scholarly journals Food intake dependent and independent effects of heat stress on lactation and mammary gland development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Jason M. Kronenfeld ◽  
Benjamin J. Renquist
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACTWith a growing population, a reliable food supply is increasingly important. Heat stress reduces livestock meat and milk production. Genetic selection of high producing animals increases endogenous heat production, while climate change increases exogenous heat exposure. Both sources of heat exacerbate the risk of heat-induced depression of production. Rodents are valuable models to understand mechanisms conserved across species. Heat exposure suppresses feed intake across homeothermic species including rodents and production animal species. We assessed the response to early-mid lactation or late gestation heat exposure on milk production and mammary gland development/function, respectively. Using pair-fed controls we experimentally isolated the food intake dependent and independent effects of heat stress on mammary function and mass. Heat exposure (35°C, relative humidity 50%) decreased daily food intake. When heat exposure occurred during lactation, hypophagia accounted for approximately 50% of the heat stress induced hypogalactia. Heat exposure during middle to late gestation suppressed food intake, which was fully responsible for the lowered mammary gland weight of dams at parturition. However, the impaired mammary gland function in heat exposed dams measured by metabolic rate and lactogenesis could not be explained by depressed food consumption. In conclusion, mice recapitulate the depressed milk production and mammary gland development observed in dairy species while providing insight regarding the role of food intake. This opens the potential to apply genetic, experimental and pharmacological models unique to mice to identify the mechanism by which heat is limiting animal production.Summary StatementsThis study demonstrates that heat stress decreases lactation and mammary development through food intake dependent and independent mechanisms.

scholarly journals Chromosomal mapping and quantitative analysis of estrogen-related receptor alpha-1, estrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptor in the bovine mammary gland

2005 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
E E Connor ◽  
D L Wood ◽  
T S Sonstegard ◽  
A F da Mota ◽  
G L Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Receptor Alpha ◽  
Gland Development ◽  
Estrogen Related Receptor

Steroid receptors are key transcriptional regulators of mammary growth, development and lactation. Expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 (ERRβ) have been evaluated in bovine mammary gland. The ERRα is an orphan receptor that, in other species and tissues, appears to function in the regulation of estrogen-response genes including lactoferrin and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and in mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression of ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα was characterized in mammary tissue obtained from multiple stages of bovine mammary gland development using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Expression was evaluated in prepubertal heifers, primigravid cows, lactating non-pregnant cows, lactating pregnant cows and non-lactating pregnant cows (n=4 to 9 animals/stage). In addition, ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα were mapped to chromosomes 9, 10, 15 and 29 respectively, by linkage and radiation hybrid mapping. Results indicated that expression of ERα, PR and ERRα was largely coordinately regulated and they were present in significant quantity during all physiological stages evaluated. In contrast, ERβ transcripts were present at a very low concentration during all stages. Furthermore, no ERβ protein could be detected in bovine mammary tissue by immunohistochemistry. The ERα and PR proteins were detected during all physiological states, including lactation. Our results demonstrate the presence of ERα, PR and ERRα during all physiological stages, and suggest a functional role for ERRα and a relative lack of a role for ERβ in bovine mammary gland development and lactation.

scholarly journals Establishment and characterization of mammary organoids from non-traditional model organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna P. Bartlett ◽  
Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
3D Matrix ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACTMammary organoid (MaO) models are only available for a few traditional model organisms, limiting our ability to investigate mammary gland development and cancer across the diverse taxa of mammals. For example, horses are mammals with a similar mammary anatomy and function as humans, but they have a remarkably low incidence of mammary cancer, making the development of MaOs in non-traditional model organisms attractive, particularly in comparative cancer research. This study established equine mammary organoids (EqMaOs) from mammary gland tissue fragments and evaluated parameters including diameter, budding, and growth stage in non-budding EqMaOs, in cultures with increasing concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a key growth factor implicated in mammary gland development. Our findings showed that EqMaO diameter is not influenced by EGF concentration, whereas number of EqMaOs with budding and stage in non-budding EqMaOs are positively influenced by increasing EGF concentration. EqMaOs also formed protrusions with putative functions, including organoid fusion and sensory functions. We further characterized EqMaOs by the presence of myoepithelial and luminal cells using immunohistochemistry and used the hormone prolactin to stimulate milk secretion, as illustrated by β-lactoglobulin expression, in these EqMaOs. Additionally, we showed that our method to establish MaOs is widely applicable to additional non-traditional mammalian model organisms such as cat, pig, deer, rabbit, and prairie vole. Collectively, MaO models across species will be a useful tool for comparative developmental and cancer studies.Summary statementMammary organoids can be established from various mammals by embedding mammary tissue fragments into a 3D matrix, providing a high-throughput, physiologically accurate model for comparative studies centered on mammary gland development and cancer.

scholarly journals Regulation of Mammary Gland Branching Morphogenesis by EphA2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2572-2581 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vaught ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
Dana M. Brantley-Sieders
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Epithelium ◽  
Branching Morphogenesis ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Epithelial Proliferation ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Gland Development

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, including EphA2, are expressed in the mammary gland. However, their role in mammary gland development remains poorly understood. Using EphA2-deficient animals, we demonstrate for the first time that EphA2 receptor function is required for mammary epithelial growth and branching morphogenesis. Loss of EphA2 decreased penetration of mammary epithelium into fat pad, reduced epithelial proliferation, and inhibited epithelial branching. These defects appear to be intrinsic to loss of EphA2 in epithelium, as transplantation of EphA2-deficient mammary tissue into wild-type recipient stroma recapitulated these defects. In addition, HGF-induced mammary epithelial branching morphogenesis was significantly reduced in EphA2-deficient cells relative to wild-type cells, which correlated with elevated basal RhoA activity. Moreover, inhibition of ROCK kinase activity in EphA2-deficient mammary epithelium rescued branching defects in primary three-dimensional cultures. These results suggest that EphA2 receptor acts as a positive regulator in mammary gland development, functioning downstream of HGF to regulate branching through inhibition of RhoA. Together, these data demonstrate a positive role for EphA2 during normal mammary epithelial proliferation and branching morphogenesis.

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