scholarly journals Effect of chemically-induced diabetes mellitus on phenotypic variability of the enteric neurons in the descending colon in the pig

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski ◽  
Katarzyna Palus
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Oxide Synthase

AbstractGastrointestinal neuropathy in diabetes is one of numerous diseases resulting in abnormal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and it may affect any section of the GIT, including the descending colon. In the gastrointestinal system, the neurons are arranged in an interconnecting network defined as the enteric nervous system (ENS) which includes the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexuses: inner and outer. Regular functioning of the ENS is determined by normal synthesis of the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This paper demonstrates the effect of hyperglycaemia on the number of enteric neurons which are immunoreactive to: neural isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the porcine descending colon. It was demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in the number of neurons within the myenteric plexus immunoreactive to all investigated substances. In the outer submucosal plexus, the CART-positive neurons were the only ones not to change, whereas no changes were recorded for nNOS or CART in the inner submucosal plexus. This study is the first study to discuss quantitative changes in the neurons immunoreactive to nNOS, VIP, GAL, CGRP and CART in the descending colon in diabetic pigs.

scholarly journals Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Chemical Coding ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Enteric Plexus ◽  
Clear Increase

One of the most frequently reported disorders associated with diabetes is gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance. Although pathogenesis of these complications is multifactorial, the complicity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this respect has significant importance. Therefore, this paper analysed changes in substance P- (SP-), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP-), and leu5-enkephalin- (L-ENK-) like immunoreactivity (LI) in enteric stomach neurons caused by chemically induced diabetes in a porcine model. Using double immunofluorescent labelling, it was found that acute hyperglycaemia led to significant changes in the chemical coding of stomach enteric neurons. Generally, the response to artificially inducted diabetes depended on the “kind” of enteric plexus as well as the stomach region studied. A clear increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to SP and CGRP was visible in the myenteric plexus (MP) in the antrum, corpus, and pylorus as well as in the submucosal plexus (SmP) in the corpus. For L-ENK, an increase in the number of L-ENK-LI neurons was observed in the MP of the antrum and SmP in the corpus, while in the MP of the corpus and pylorus, a decrease in the percentage of L-ENK-LI neurons was noted.

scholarly journals Age and Sex-Dependent Differences in the Neurochemical Characterization of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Like Immunoreactive (CGRP-LI) Nervous Structures in the Porcine Descending Colon

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Makowska ◽  
Slawomir Gonkowski
Keyword(s):  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Colonic Wall ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) may undergo changes during maturation and aging, but knowledge of physiological stimuli-dependent changes in the ENS is still fragmentary. On the other hand, the frequency of many ENS-related intestinal illnesses depends on age and/or sex. The double immunofluorescence technique was used to study the influence of both of these factors on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)—positive enteric nervous structures—in the descending colon in young and adult female and castrated male pigs. The influence of age and gender on the number and neurochemical characterization (i.e., co-localization of CGRP with substance P, nitric oxide synthase, galanin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and vesicular acetylcholine transporter) of CGRP-positive nerve structures in the colonic wall has been shown. These observations strongly suggest the participation of CGRP in adaptive processes in the ENS during GI tract maturation. Moreover, although the castration of males may mask some aspects of sex-dependent influences on the ENS, the sex-specific differences in CGRP-positive nervous structures were mainly visible in adult animals. This may suggest that the distribution and exact role of this substance in the ENS depend on the sex hormones.

scholarly journals Influence of Acrylamide Administration on the Neurochemical Characteristics of Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Neurons in the Porcine Duodenum

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Harmful Action ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The digestive tract, especially the small intestine, is one of the main routes of acrylamide absorption and is therefore highly exposed to the toxic effect of acrylamide contained in food. The aim of this experiment was to elucidate the effect of low (tolerable daily intake—TDI) and high (ten times higher than TDI) doses of acrylamide on the neurochemical phenotype of duodenal enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons using the pig as an animal model. The experiment was performed on 15 immature gilts of the Danish Landrace assigned to three experimental groups: control (C) group—pigs administered empty gelatine capsules, low dose (LD) group—pigs administered capsules with acrylamide at the TDI dose (0.5 μg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day), and the high dose (HD) group—pigs administered capsules with acrylamide at a ten times higher dose than the TDI (5 μg/kg b.w./day) with a morning feeding for 4 weeks. Administration of acrylamide, even in a low (TDI) dose, led to an increase in the percentage of enteric neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT) in the porcine duodenum. The severity of the changes clearly depended on the dose of acrylamide and the examined plexus. The obtained results suggest the participation of these neuroactive substances in acrylamide-inducted plasticity and the protection of ENS neurons, which may be an important line of defence from the harmful action of acrylamide.

“SPARC” Neurochemical Profile of Enteric Neurons in the Inner and Outer Submucosal Plexus of The Ascending and Descending Colon of Adult Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Luis Cabanillas ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoni ◽  
Filippo Caremoli ◽  
Karla Ibarra ◽  
Giulia Lattanzio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Neurochemical Profile ◽  
Descending Colon

Submucosal plexus alone integrates motor activity and epithelial transport in rat jejunum

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (4) ◽  
pp. G593-G598 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. See ◽  
B. Greenwood ◽  
P. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Rat Jejunum ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Extrinsic Nerves

It has been well established in several mammalian species, including humans, that contractions of jejunal smooth muscle correlate temporally with increases in mucosal ion transport. Furthermore, this correlation is abolished through local application of neurotoxins, suggesting interaction of enteric neurons. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the myenteric plexus is involved in this correlation. In the rat jejunum in vivo, we simultaneously measured phasic changes in intraluminal pressure and transmural potential difference (PD) as indicators of smooth muscle motor activity and epithelial ion transport, respectively. We compared the temporal association of these parameters in control animals with animals in which either the extrinsic nerves only or the extrinsic nerves and the myenteric plexus of a 5-cm jejunal segment had been ablated 30 days previously. A one-to-one coupling between muscle contractions and transmural PD fluctuations was observed in all animals; ablation of the extrinsic and/or myenteric neurons did not eliminate this correlation. We conclude that, in the rat jejunum, the submucosal plexus alone can integrate the reflex that couples ion secretion to muscle contraction.

scholarly journals Intestinal crypt derived enteroid coculture in presence of peristaltic longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E Levin ◽  
Arabinda Mandal ◽  
Mark A Fleming ◽  
Katherine H Bae ◽  
Brielle Gerry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Intestinal Peristalsis

Abstract The role of enteric neurons in driving intestinal peristalsis has been known for over a century. However, in recent decades, scientists have begun to unravel additional complex interactions between this nerve plexus and other cell populations in the intestine. Investigations into these potential interactions is complicated by a paucity of tractable models of these cellular relationships. Here, we describe a novel technique for ex vivo coculture of enteroids, so called “mini-guts,” in juxtaposition to the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP). Key to this system, we developed a LMMP culture media that: 1) allows the LMMP to maintain ex vivo peristalsis for 2 weeks along with proliferation of neurons, glia, smooth muscle and fibroblast cells, and 2) supports the proliferation and differentiation of the intestinal stem cells into enteroids complete with epithelial enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. Importantly, this technique identifies a culture condition that supports both the metabolic needs of intestinal epithelium as well as neuronal elements, demonstrating the feasibility of maintaining these two populations in a single culture system. This sets the stage for experiments to better define the regulatory interactions of these two important intestinal cell populations.

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