scholarly journals Microplastic in Food and Drinking Water - Environmental Monitoring Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Martyna Myszograj
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Polyether Sulfone ◽  
Analytical Standards ◽  
Disposable Plastic ◽  
Toxicokinetic Data ◽  
Recycled Material

Abstract Microplastics are present in the environment and have been found in seas and oceans, fresh water, sewage, food, air, and drinking water, both bottled and tap water. Nanoplastics can originate from engineered material or can be produced during fragmentation of microplastic debris. This paper presents an analysis of the research available in the literature on the content of microplastics in food, tap water, and bottled water. There is no legislation for microplastics as contaminants in food. Available data are from seafood species such as fish, shrimp, and bivalves, and also in other foods such as honey, beer, and table salt. In tap water, the measured amount of microplastic particles varies extensively and depends on the place of intake, type of conditioning, and water distribution system. Studies concerning bottled water have shown that water contains microplastics from disposable plastic bottles, bottles made of recycled material, and even glass bottles. The lack of analytical standards related to the adoption of the method of determination and identification of the size and form of microplastic particles was found to be problematic. The abovementioned particles were mainly identified as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyamides (PA), polyether sulfone (PES), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and were between 1 and 150 μm in size. The most common shapes of the particles were fragments, followed by fibres and flakes. Toxicity and toxicokinetic data are lacking for microplastics for a human risk assessment.

scholarly journals The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo-Liisa Rantanen ◽  
Ilkka Mellin ◽  
Minna Keinänen-Toivola ◽  
Merja Ahonen ◽  
Riku Vahala
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

We studied the seasonal variation of nitrite exposure in a drinking water distribution system (DWDS) with monochloramine disinfection in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. In Finland, tap water is the main source of drinking water, and thus the nitrite in tap water increases nitrite exposure. Our data included both the obligatory monitoring and a sampling campaign data from a sampling campaign. Seasonality was evaluated by comparing a nitrite time series to temperature and by calculating the seasonal indices of the nitrite time series. The main drivers of nitrite seasonality were the temperature and the water age. We observed that with low water ages (median: 6.7 h) the highest nitrite exposure occurred during the summer months, and with higher water ages (median: 31 h) during the winter months. With the highest water age (190 h), nitrite concentrations were the lowest. At a low temperature, the high nitrite concentrations in the winter were caused by the decelerated ammonium oxidation. The dominant reaction at low water ages was ammonium oxidation into nitrite and, at high water ages, it was nitrite oxidation into nitrate. These results help to direct monitoring appropriately to gain exact knowledge of nitrite exposure. Also, possible future process changes and additional disinfection measures can be designed appropriately to minimize extra nitrite exposure.

scholarly journals Estimation of endotoxin inhalation from shower and humidifier exposure reveals potential risk to human health

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Anderson ◽  
D. George Dixon ◽  
Colin I. Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

This paper investigates potential exposure to endotoxin in drinking water through the inhalation of aerosols generated by showers and humidifiers. Adverse health effects attributable to the inhalation of airborne endotoxin in various occupational settings are summarized, as are controlled laboratory inhalation studies. Data from investigations estimating aerosolization of particulate matter by showers and humidifiers provide a basis for similar analyses with endotoxin, which like minerals in water, is nonvolatile. A theoretical assessment of the inhalation of aerosolized endotoxin showed that while the likelihood of an acute response while showering is minimal, the same is not true for humidifiers. Ultrasonic and impeller (cool mist) humidifiers efficiently produce large numbers of respirable particles. It is predicted that airway inflammation can occur if humidifier reservoirs are filled with tap water, sometimes even at typical drinking-water distribution-system endotoxin concentrations. Higher endotoxin levels occasionally found in drinking water (>1,000 EU/ml) are very likely to induce symptoms such as chills and fever if used as humidifier feed water. While it is unlikely that treated drinking water would contain extremely high endotoxin levels occasionally observed in cyanobacterial blooms (>35,000 EU/ml), the potential for serious acute health consequences exist if used in humidifiers.

scholarly journals Virus contamination from operation and maintenance events in small drinking water distribution systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Lambertini ◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
Burney A. Kieke ◽  
Frank J. Loge ◽  
Mark A. Borchardt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Ultraviolet Disinfection ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

We tested the association of common events in drinking water distribution systems with contamination of household tap water with human enteric viruses. Viruses were enumerated by qPCR in the tap water of 14 municipal systems that use non-disinfected groundwater. Ultraviolet disinfection was installed at all active wellheads to reduce virus contributions from groundwater to the distribution systems. As no residual disinfectant was added to the water, any increase in virus levels measured downstream at household taps would be indicative of distribution system intrusions. Utility operators reported events through written questionnaires. Virus outcome measures were related to distribution system events using binomial and gamma regression. Virus concentrations were elevated in the wells, reduced or eliminated by ultraviolet disinfection, and elevated again in distribution systems, showing that viruses were, indeed, directly entering the systems. Pipe installation was significantly associated with higher virus levels, whereas hydrant flushing was significantly associated with lower virus levels. Weak positive associations were observed for water tower maintenance, valve exercising, and cutting open a water main. Coliform bacteria detections from routine monitoring were not associated with viruses. Understanding when distribution systems are most vulnerable to virus contamination, and taking precautionary measures, will ensure delivery of safe drinking water.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Legionella spp. and Escherichia coli in the drinking water distribution system of Wrocław (Poland)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083-1090
Author(s):  
M. Wolf-Baca ◽  
A. Siedlecka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Abstract Drinking water should be free from bacterial pathogens that threaten human health. The most recognised waterborne opportunistic pathogens, dwelling in tap water, are Legionella pneumophila and Escherichia coli. Drinking water samples were tested for the presence of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and E. coli in overall sample microbiomes using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach. The results indicate a rather low contribution of Legionella spp. in total bacteria in the tested samples, but L. pneumophila was not detected in any sample. E. coli was detected in only one sample, but at a very low level. The qacEΔ1 gene, conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, was also not detected in any sample. The results point to generally sufficient quality of drinking water, although the presence of Legionella spp. in tap water samples suggests proliferation of these bacteria in heating units, causing a potential threat to consumer health.

Thermal energy from drinking water and cost benefit analysis for an entire city

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
A. M. van Osch ◽  
R. Hogeveen ◽  
C. Mudde
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Treated Water

The municipality of Almere is planning to develop a new carbon neutral neighbourhood. The area is located close to a treated water storage facility. By extracting enough thermal energy to provide 900 homes with energy for space heating and heating tap water, the temperature of the treated water is lowered by 1.16 °C. This could lead to an increase in the energy required to heat water for domestic purposes. The temperature of tap water is influenced by the temperature of the soil surrounding the drinking water distribution system. The rate at which the water temperature will reach the soil temperature depends on the pipe material, the pipe diameter and the flow velocity. With the help of a network model, the effect of a lower initial water temperature on every customer in Almere was determined. On average, all 75,000 connections would receive slightly cooler water. The energy to heat the extra 0.125 °C is equivalent to the energy required to heat approximately 85 homes. As the extracted thermal energy enables heating of 900 homes, the energy balance is very positive.

Towards an improved human exposure assessment for contaminants in drinking water released by products used for domestic water distribution

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddo J. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Sampling Protocol ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
By Products

Substances migrated from products or micro-organisms released from biofilms in the domestic distribution system may affect the quality of tap water. The approach to protect consumers against these possible contaminants and specifically the sampling protocol for compliance monitoring at the tap is not well described in the European Drinking Water Directive. Regulators of the member states like to have guidance. This paper describes the issue and proposes a possible approach.

scholarly journals Determination of Copper and Lead and Study their Poisonous Effects in Drinking Water in Baghdad

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1226-1232
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
One Year ◽  
Copper Lead

The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of copper and lead (mg/L) in drinking water by using absorption spectrophotometic and Atomic Absorption spectrophotometric method from different area in Baghdad and with different intervals , The results show that the concentration of copper and Lead ( mgL) in tap water which remains motionless in plumbing system for following periods one hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 7 days and 14 days are (1 , 2.2 , 4 , 5.3 , 7.5 , 10 and 16 mgL copper ) & ( 0.3, 0.5 , 0.8 , 1 , 2.5 , 3 , 3.8 mg /L lead ) respectively .from these results its clear that high levels of copper & Lead occur if tap water comes in contact with copper - lead plumbing and copper lead -containing fixtures in the water distribution system. If tap water remains motionless in the plumbing system for some time. These amounts of copper and Lead are believed to give rise to the symptoms of chemical food poisoning precipitated by the ingestion of alcohol on an empty stomach ( in presence of copper ). Also children under one year of age are more sensitive to copper than adults. Long-term exposure (more than 14 days) to copper - lead in drinking water which is much higher than 1,000 ug/I has been found to cause kidney and liver damage in infants, In case of Lead it can effect a children physical development & ability to learn.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Changes of Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Communities in Drinking Water Distribution System in Wrocław, Poland

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2601
Author(s):  
Agata Siedlecka ◽  
Mirela Wolf-Baca ◽  
Katarzyna Piekarska
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria is an emerging problem in drinking water treatment. This paper presents the comparison of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) prevalence during the summer and winter season in a full-scale drinking water distribution system (DWDS) supplied by two water treatment plants (WTPs). The effect of distance from WTP and physical–chemical water parameters on its microbial properties was also tested. Bacterial consortia dwelling in bulk tap water were additionally compared by means of denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that among ARB, bacteria resistant to ceftazidime (CAZ) were the most abundant, followed by bacteria resistant to amoxicillin (AML), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and tetracycline (TE). Numerous ARGs were detected in tested tap water samples. Only CAZ resistant bacteria were more prevalent in the season of increased antibiotic consumption, and only AML resistant bacteria relative abundances increase was statistically significant with the distance from a WTP. The investigated tap water meets all legal requirements. It is therefore safe to drink according to the law. Nevertheless, because antibiotic resistance could pose a threat to consumer health, it should be further monitored in DWDSs.

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