scholarly journals The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative from the Polish Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Choroś‑Mrozowska
Keyword(s):  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Belt And Road

China announced its initiative of the so‑called New Silk Road project for the first time in 2013. Although its extent, concept or even its current name (The Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) have changed on a number of occasions since then, it cannot be denied that this is one of the most important challenges currently being undertaken in the world. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, of which Poland is a part, may have a significant meaning in this concept due to their strategic location. The countries of this region began their co‑operation with China under the so‑called “16 +1” format, and this took place prior to the announcement of the BRI. This opens up new perspectives for Polish‑Chinese trade relations in respect of the BRI initiative and the “16 + 1” platform. The aim of this study is therefore to present the most important effects of the conducted research, the assumption of which was the comprehensive identification of the Chinese BRI initiative and the consequences of its implementation for Polish‑Chinese trade relations. The presented analysis assumes that BRI will have a significant impact on Polish‑Chinese trade patterns. This is particularly important in the context of the huge trade deficit that Poland has been recording for years in its trade with China as well as the deepening asymmetry, which has been characteristic of the exchange.

China’s Strategic Partnership with Kuwait: New Opportunities for the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-519
Author(s):  
Mordechai Chaziza
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
Economic Engagement ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Successful Integration

In July 2018, the Kuwaiti Emir made a state visit of great significance to China, as both countries agreed to establish a strategic partnership creating new opportunities for Kuwait, which aspires to diversify its economy and seek investment opportunities. This study investigates various aspects behind the establishment of this partnership and examines the synergy between the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Kuwait Vision 2035 (KV2035) to understand the extent of economic engagement and relationship between the two nations. However, despite the considerable increase in Chinese trade and investments in Kuwait, some significant internal obstacles and external challenges remain to the successful integration of KV2035 with the BRI.

scholarly journals Central Asia as an area of China’s and Russia’s interests

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-742
Author(s):  
Elena A. Egorycheva
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Belt And Road

Over the past decades, Russia and China have been steadily deepening their cooperation. It is seen in many fields: mutual trade agreements, investment and scientific cooperation, ecological and environment solutions to global issues. Russia is actively engaged in the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan are engaged in it as well. Some of them are also members of the Eurasian Economic Union. The paper aimed to identify China’s and Russia’s current interests in these countries, as Central Asia (CA) is the area where Russia’s and China’s interests coincide. Trade relations between the analyzed countries are considered in it. The paper also addresses investment projects under Belt and Road Initiative, which China has been financing in CA countries.

scholarly journals Envisioning the Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Regional Labor Markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenshan Yang ◽  
Xunhaoyue Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Western China ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Deviation Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road

Using trade and labor-force data of the western provinces from 1994, this study empirically proved the existence of a long-running equilibrium between foreign trade and labor size in western China. By constructing a vector autoregressive model, the results show that the “opening toward the west” policy increased western China’s import and export, both of which attracted an inflow of labor force. After analyzing the numerical effect, a Shift-Share Analysis (SSA) and an analysis of the deviation degree of industrial structure are conducted, to measure the possible structural changes in the labor force. We find that manufacturing in the western provinces is comparatively more advantageous than manufacturing at the national level, which theoretically calls for a huge labor demand. Agriculture presents a contrasting result. This result is consistent with the results of the deviation degree analysis. In conclusion, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has changed the trade patterns, and it has enhanced the comparative advantages of western China and it is expected to bring about changes in both the number and the structure of the local labor force, and it provides new impetus for the region’s development.

Estimating the Possible Effect of Belt and Road Initiative on Brazilian Economic Growth

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Romanello
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Belt And Road

Brazil's future participation in the Belt and Road Initiative will promote economic growth, increase the importance of the initiative on the international scene and contribute to the promotion of bilateral economic and trade relations between China and Latin America countries.This paper analyses the alleged effect of BRI on Brazilian economy if the country would have chosen to join the program in the past years (2013-2019) as other countries in the world did. The alleged effect is calculated using the methodology of synthetic control: a statistical method used to evaluate the effect of an intervention/programme in comparative case studies.The results show that Brazil could benefit from joining the Belt and Road Initiative: the GDP per capita rate would be 4.73% higher each year, on average.However, to Brazil joins the BRI, it will be necessary for China and Brazil to know how to maintain a frequent and structured dialogue that projects confidence, opens paths and does not leave governmental dialogue behind what is happening in practical reality. Moreover, more academic research about the initiative and a greater dissemination of its benefits by the media will be needed to raise awareness among the public and politicians about a probable BRI agreement by Brazil.

Forgotten effects in trade relations: a view from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Rojas-Mora ◽  
Felipe Chávez-Bustamante ◽  
Cristian Mondaca-Marino
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Monte Carlo Experiment ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
The Belt And Road

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate Chinese indirect trade relations in the global trade network to observe if the objectives identified by Cai (2017) in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) are being fulfilled, especially with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the UNCTAD (2016) for the period 2011–2015, a normalized exports network is built. It is analyzed with the Forgotten Effects Theory and the PageRank algorithm. A Monte Carlo experiment with 10,000 replicates is performed to account for its volatility.FindingsThe paper identifies one instance in which China's peripheral countries are importing raw materials and commodities -–oil products – to produce low technological value-added products, which, in turn, are exported to China. LAC countries do not have significant indirect trade relations with China when the former is the origin country, while the latter is the destination in a trade relationship. The trade network has a clear core-periphery structure, with China belonging to its core, although being only the fourth most central node in the network.Originality/valueThis paper contributes with both a new methodology for the analysis of indirect trade relations and the results found for China under the BRI and its trade relationship with LAC economies.

scholarly journals Belt and Road Initiative and Railway Sector Efficiency—Application of Networked Benchmarking Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
First Time ◽  
Development Perspective ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Different Levels

In recent years, there has been a lot of attention paid to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to invest in better connecting China, South-East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. As countries that share the same continent, and are in many cases without proper sea connection (landlocked), the key mode of long-distance transportation is railways. However, numerous countries have different levels of past investments, labor productivity, transportation profile, and culture surrounding railways, and all of this leads to differences in overall efficiency. In this research, we apply well established and widely used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the longitudinal efficiency of railway operations. This is the first time such an analysis is completed on the Belt and Road member countries. Efficiency itself hardly improved at all during the examination period, whether in passenger and freight or just freight transports. China itself represents an important benchmark for many countries, as its efficiency is all the time highest possible. In the network benchmarking analysis, it was shown that China, Estonia, Latvia, and Israel are often proposed benchmarks for the others to increase their efficiency in the future. From efficiency development perspective, Chinese railway sector is beneficial and more balanced to be benchmarked as compared to other significantly sized railway countries, like India or Russia.

scholarly journals Using Social Networks to Analyze the Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Rolling Stock Manufacturing Industry for Countries in the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Yuanhui Wang ◽  
Changqing Song ◽  
Gary Sigley ◽  
Xiaoqiang Chen ◽  
Lihua Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
The Belt And Road

The new wave of modern rail transit and the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have complicated the business patterns of the rolling stock manufacturing industry (RSMI) and the export of rolling stock products, especially in the case of countries participating in the BRI. Based on the analysis of trade patterns—which focuses on the evolution of trade links, community structures, and intraregional export competitiveness—this study aims to explore the changes in the RSMI within the BRI region from 2003 to 2017. Sequential clustering was applied to the creation of a three-phase timeline. The network models of the cumulative trade of the rolling stock products and trades of two typical categories of products were constructed in each phase for the evolution analysis. Social network analysis methods, such as the analysis of network indices and community detection, were also applied. The results show that from 2003 to 2017, the connectivity of the rolling stock trade in this region significantly increased. China was the largest exporter, with increasing trade influence and technological strength. Ukraine and Russia were less competitive and highly mutually dependent. Czechia and Austria’s competitiveness remained prominent, but compared with China they lacked expansive vitality. South Korea was also an active and competitive country with strong technological prowess. These countries accounted for the majority of the exports, and were always at the center of their own separate communities, over which they maintained a sphere of influence. The grouping of countries far from any such spheres of influence changed frequently.

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