scholarly journals Belt and Road Initiative and Railway Sector Efficiency—Application of Networked Benchmarking Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
First Time ◽  
Development Perspective ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Different Levels

In recent years, there has been a lot of attention paid to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to invest in better connecting China, South-East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. As countries that share the same continent, and are in many cases without proper sea connection (landlocked), the key mode of long-distance transportation is railways. However, numerous countries have different levels of past investments, labor productivity, transportation profile, and culture surrounding railways, and all of this leads to differences in overall efficiency. In this research, we apply well established and widely used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the longitudinal efficiency of railway operations. This is the first time such an analysis is completed on the Belt and Road member countries. Efficiency itself hardly improved at all during the examination period, whether in passenger and freight or just freight transports. China itself represents an important benchmark for many countries, as its efficiency is all the time highest possible. In the network benchmarking analysis, it was shown that China, Estonia, Latvia, and Israel are often proposed benchmarks for the others to increase their efficiency in the future. From efficiency development perspective, Chinese railway sector is beneficial and more balanced to be benchmarked as compared to other significantly sized railway countries, like India or Russia.

scholarly journals The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative from the Polish Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Choroś‑Mrozowska
Keyword(s):  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Belt And Road

China announced its initiative of the so‑called New Silk Road project for the first time in 2013. Although its extent, concept or even its current name (The Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) have changed on a number of occasions since then, it cannot be denied that this is one of the most important challenges currently being undertaken in the world. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, of which Poland is a part, may have a significant meaning in this concept due to their strategic location. The countries of this region began their co‑operation with China under the so‑called “16 +1” format, and this took place prior to the announcement of the BRI. This opens up new perspectives for Polish‑Chinese trade relations in respect of the BRI initiative and the “16 + 1” platform. The aim of this study is therefore to present the most important effects of the conducted research, the assumption of which was the comprehensive identification of the Chinese BRI initiative and the consequences of its implementation for Polish‑Chinese trade relations. The presented analysis assumes that BRI will have a significant impact on Polish‑Chinese trade patterns. This is particularly important in the context of the huge trade deficit that Poland has been recording for years in its trade with China as well as the deepening asymmetry, which has been characteristic of the exchange.

scholarly journals China’s Belt and Road Initiative Revisited: Challenges and Ways Forward

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitzhak Shichor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organization ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Belt And Road

Compared with other Chinese-proposed multilateral institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is not yet fully institutionalized. Still, it has been enthusiastically welcomed by many Asian and African countries, though less so by Western ones, Japan, and Russia. This is not only because of the expected economic benefits being Asian- and African-centric, but perhaps more importantly, because of the BRI having potential to be an exceptional Eastern model that may become universal. Up to the recent times, the flow of religions, doctrines, ideas and ideologies has mainly been from the West to the East, often accompanied by Western colonialism. Now, if the BRI is successfully implemented, for the first time in history a model of Eastern origin may affect the West and the rest of world. Unlike national liberation movements which had achieved political but not economic independence, China’s BRI could facilitate an international liberation movement that helps Asian and African countries to achieve growth and development, and thereby become economically independent as well. The innovation of the BRI does not only lie in its direction of influence (from the East to the West), but also in that it will be accomplished in Chinese rather than Western ways. That, more than particular economic benefits, explains the BRI’s attraction.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Humanistic Exchange and Cooperation between China and Southeast Asian in the Perspective of "the Belt and Road" Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
智宏 温
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

In the exchanges between different countries, apart from enhancing political mutual trust and strengthening pragmatic cooperation, it is of great importance to forging humanistic exchange. With a long history of exchanges between China and all the countries in South-east Asia, the humanistic exchange between China and South-east Asia has been continuing since the founding of the People's Republic of China. After the establishment of China-ASEAN dialogue relations, the strategic position of humanistic exchange has been rapidly improved. By means of the case study of Confucius Institute, sister cities, and tourism cooperation, the author has found that humanistic exchange between China and South-east Asia has enjoyed a long history and embodied profound and extensive meaning. It is the ancient Maritime Silk Road that helped to form the exchanges between China and South-east Asia. In the meantime, it is the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road that has deepened this friendship. The successful experience of humanistic exchange and cooperation between China and South-east Asia has not only consolidated the China-ASEAN strategic partnership but also provided a conducive reference for people-to-people ties in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. In addition, it has added dynamics and confidence to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind which is propelled by China's humanistic diplomacy.

Belt and Road Initiative w Afryce i jej wpływ na rozwój The Joint Africa–EU Strategy

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Karolina Leszek
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
The Belt And Road

The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the progress of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the participation of African countries may affect the shape and development of the Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES), established in 2007. Since 2013, when BRI was presented to the world for the first time, we have been able to observe increased activity of representatives of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in promoting and implementing the project. Due to the fact that BRI is going to connect the trade route of China with the countries of East Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, which is supposed to trigger the extension of the Chinese financial and infrastructure activities, it should be considered as a priority for the Chinese government. However, taking into account of still unclear concept of the initiative we should focus on analysing the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the European Union’s strategy towards African countries.

Challenging Security: The United States and the Belt and Road Initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950007
Author(s):  
Kenneth Boutin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Different Levels

Complex national and economic security imperatives drive American China policy. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) heightens the tension between national and economic security requirements and between different levels of economic security. This renders the established American policy approach, which centers around pursuing national and economic security as separate policy tracks, difficult to sustain. The threat posed by the Initiative to the national security of the United States encourages a focus on it in these terms. Such a focus is all the more likely under President Donald Trump, who is not predisposed to consider the BRI an economic security threat.

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Petr M. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

Belt and Road Initiative: Analysis of Possible Effects on Nigeria’s Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 20475-20182
Author(s):  
Ige Ayokunle O ◽  
Akingbesote A.O
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
International Economic Cooperation ◽  
R Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road initiative is an important attempt by China to sustain its economic growth, by exploring new forms of international economic cooperation with new partners. Even though the B&R project is not the first attempt at international cooperation, it is considered as the best as it is open in nature and does not exclude interested countries. This review raised and answered three questions of how the B&R project will affect Nigeria’s economy?  How will it affect the relationship between Nigeria and China? What could go wrong?, The review concluded that Nigeria can only benefit positively from the project.

The Belt and Road Initiative: Goals and Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Adnan Khalaf i Hammed Al-Badrani ◽  
Hind Ziyad Nafeih
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation.       It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country.   The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

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