scholarly journals Energy Cost of Running Under Hypogravity in Well-Trained Runners and Triathletes: A Biomechanical Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ueberschär ◽  
D. Fleckenstein ◽  
F. Warschun ◽  
N. Walter ◽  
J. C. Wüstenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Tibial Acceleration ◽  
Energetic Model ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Trained Runners

Abstract Hypogravity treadmills have become a popular training tool in distance running and triathlon. Counter-intuitively, tibial acceleration load is not attenuated by hypogravity unloading during running, while, equally surprisingly, leaps become flatter instead of higher. To explain these effects from a biomechanical perspective, Polet, Schroeder, and Bertram (2017) recently developed an energetic model for hypogravity running and validated it with recreational athletes at a constant jogging speed. The present study was conducted to refine that model for competitive athletes at relevant running speeds of 12–22 km h−1 and gravity levels of 100 %, 80 % and 60 %. Based on new experimental data on 15 well-trained runners in treadmill tests until volitional exhaustion, the enhanced semi-empirical model well describes energy expenditure and the observed biomechanical effects of hypogravity running. Remarkably, anaerobic contributions led to an increase in energy cost per meter for speeds above 16–18 km h−1 (p < 0.001), irrespective of hypogravity unloading. Moreover, some converging trends were observed that might reflect general adaptations in running motor control for optimization of efficiency. In essence, the outcome of this research might help sports scientists and practitioners to design running programs for specific training stimuli, e.g. conditioning of anaerobic energy metabolism.

Return to Sport After Rotator Cuff Tear Repair

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1877-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahnaz Klouche ◽  
Nicolas Lefevre ◽  
Serge Herman ◽  
Antoine Gerometta ◽  
Yoann Bohu
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tear ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Cuff Tear ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tear Repair

Background: One of the most frequent demands from athletes after rotator cuff tear repair is to return to sport, if possible at the same level of play. Purpose: The main goal of this study was to determine the rate of return to sport after treatment of rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Methods: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to perform this systematic review and meta-analysis of the results in the literature, as well as for the presentation of results. A search of the literature was performed on the electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the MINORS (Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies) checklist. Inclusion criteria were studies in English evaluating return to sport after treatment of traumatic, degenerative, partial or full-thickness rotator cuff tears in patients practicing a sport regularly, whatever the level, all ages and sports included. The main judgment criterion was the number of patients who returned to a sports activity after treatment of a rotator cuff tear. The criterion was analyzed in 2 ways: return to sport (yes/no) and the level of play (identical or higher/lower level). Results: Twenty-five studies were reviewed, including 859 patients (683 athletes), all treated surgically after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years (range, 0.3-13.4 years). The level of sports was recorded in 23 studies or 635 (93%) athletes and included 286 competitive or professional athletes and 349 recreational athletes. The most commonly practiced sports were baseball (224 participants), tennis (104 participants), and golf (54 participants). The overall rate of return to sport was 84.7% (95% CI, 77.6%-89.8%), including 65.9% (95% CI, 54.9%-75.4%) at an equivalent level of play, after 4 to 17 months. Of the professional and competitive athletes, 49.9% (95% CI, 35.3-64.6%) returned to the same level of play. Conclusion: Most recreational athletes return to sports at the same level of play as before their injury, but only half of professional and competitive athletes return to an equivalent level of play.

scholarly journals Energy cost of running and Achilles tendon stiffness in man and woman trained runners

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. e00178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared R. Fletcher ◽  
Ted R. Pfister ◽  
Brian R. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Tendon Stiffness ◽  
Energy Cost Of Running ◽  
Trained Runners

scholarly journals ACTN3 R577X Genotype and Exercise Phenotypes in Recreational Marathon Runners

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Del Coso ◽  
Victor Moreno ◽  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Gabriel Baltazar-Martins ◽  
Carlos Ruíz-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Energy Cost Of Running ◽  
Isometric Muscle ◽  
Isometric Muscle Force

Background: Homozygosity for the X-allele in the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism results in the complete absence of α-actinin-3 in sarcomeres of fast-type muscle fibers. In elite athletes, the ACTN3 XX genotype has been related to inferior performance in speed and power-oriented sports; however, its influence on exercise phenotypes in recreational athletes has received less attention. We sought to determine the influence of ACTN3 genotypes on common exercise phenotypes in recreational marathon runners. Methods: A total of 136 marathoners (116 men and 20 women) were subjected to laboratory testing that included measurements of body composition, isometric muscle force, muscle flexibility, ankle dorsiflexion, and the energy cost of running. ACTN3 genotyping was performed using TaqMan probes. Results: 37 runners (27.2%) had the RR genotype, 67 (49.3%) were RX and 32 (23.5%) were XX. There was a difference in body fat percentage between RR and XX genotype groups (15.7 ± 5.8 vs. 18.8 ± 5.5%; effect size, ES, = 0.5 ± 0.4, p = 0.024), whereas the distance obtained in the sit-and-reach-test was likely lower in the RX than in the XX group (15.3 ± 7.8 vs. 18.4 ± 9.9 cm; ES = 0.4 ± 0.4, p = 0.046). Maximal dorsiflexion during the weight-bearing lunge test was different in the RR and XX groups (54.8 ± 5.8 vs. 57.7 ± 5.1 degree; ES = 0.5 ± 0.5, p = 0.044). Maximal isometric force was higher in the RR than in the XX group (16.7 ± 4.7 vs. 14.7 ± 4.0 N/kg; ES = −0.5 ± 0.3, p = 0.038). There was no difference in the energy cost of running between genotypes (~4.8 J/kg/min for all three groups, ES ~0.2 ± 0.4). Conclusions: The ACTN3 genotype might influence several exercise phenotypes in recreational marathoners. Deficiency in α-actinin-3 might be accompanied by higher body fatness, lower muscle strength and higher muscle flexibility and range of motion. Although there is not yet a scientific rationale for the use of commercial genetic tests to predict sports performance, recreational marathon runners who have performed such types of testing and have the ACTN3 XX genotype might perhaps benefit from personalized strength training to improve their performance more than their counterparts with other ACTN3 genotypes.

Intensive recreational athletes in the prospective multinational ICD Sports Safety Registry: Results from the European cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 764-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hein Heidbuchel ◽  
Rik Willems ◽  
Luc Jordaens ◽  
Brian Olshansky ◽  
Francois Carre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Ventricular Tachycardia ◽  
Beta Blocker ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Recreational Sports ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Inappropriate Shocks ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Appropriate Shocks

Background In the ICD Sports Safety Registry, death, arrhythmia- or shock-related physical injury did not occur in athletes who continue competitive sports after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. However, data from non-competitive ICD recipients is lacking. This report describes arrhythmic events and lead performance in intensive recreational athletes with ICDs enrolled in the European recreational arm of the Registry, and compares their outcome with those of the competitive athletes in the Registry. Methods The Registry recruited 317 competitive athletes ≥ 18 years old, receiving an ICD for primary or secondary prevention (234 US; 83 non-US). In Europe, Israel and Australia only, an additional cohort of 80 ‘auto-competitive’ recreational athletes was also included, engaged in intense physical activity on a regular basis (≥2×/week and/or ≥ 2 h/week) with the explicit aim to improve their physical performance limits. Athletes were followed for a median of 44 and 49 months, respectively. ICD shock data and clinical outcomes were adjudicated by three electrophysiologists. Results Compared with competitive athletes, recreational athletes were older (median 44 vs. 37 years; p = 0.0004), more frequently men (79% vs. 68%; p = 0.06), with less idiopathic ventricular fibrillation or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (1.3% vs. 15.4%), less congenital heart disease (1.3% vs. 6.9%) and more arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (23.8% vs. 13.6%) ( p < 0.001). They more often had a prophylactic ICD implant (51.4% vs. 26.9%; p < 0.0001) or were given a beta-blocker (95% vs. 65%; p < 0.0001). Left ventricular ejection fraction, ICD rate cut-off and time from implant were similar. Recreational athletes performed fewer hours of sports per week (median 4.5 vs. 6 h; p = 0.0004) and fewer participated in sports with burst-performances ( vs. endurance) as their main sports: 4% vs. 65% ( p < 0.0001). None of the athletes in either group died, required external resuscitation or was injured due to arrhythmia or shock. Freedom from definite or probable lead malfunction was similar (5-year 97% vs. 96%; 10-year 93% vs. 91%). Recreational athletes received fewer total shocks (13.8% vs. 26.5%, p = 0.01) due to fewer inappropriate shocks (2.5% vs. 12%; p = 0.01). The proportion receiving appropriate shocks was similar (12.5% vs. 15.5%, p = 0.51). Recreational athletes received fewer total (6.3% vs. 20.2%; p = 0.003), appropriate (3.8% vs. 11.4%; p = 0.06) and inappropriate (2.5% vs. 9.5%; p = 0.04) shocks during physical activity. Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation storms during physical activity occurred in 0/80 recreational vs. 7/317 competitive athletes. Appropriate shocks during physical activity were related to underlying disease ( p = 0.004) and competitive versus recreational sports ( p = 0.004), but there was no relation with age, gender, type of indication, beta-blocker use or burst/endurance sports. The proportion of athletes who stopped sports due to shocks was similar (3.8% vs. 7.5%, p = 0.32). Conclusions Participants in recreational sports had less frequent appropriate and inappropriate shocks during physical activity than participants in competitive sports. Shocks did not cause death or injury. Recreational athletes with ICDs can engage in sports without severe adverse outcomes unless other reasons preclude continuation.

scholarly journals Mid-Term Patient Reported Outcomes and Return to Sport for Physeal Sparing ACL Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0033
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Szolomayer ◽  
Carl W. Nissen ◽  
Christine Mary Kelly ◽  
Regina Kostyun
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Open Physes ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Physeal Sparing

Objectives: Physeal-sparing techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have previously been described as safe treatment for adolescent ACL tears in patients with open physes, however few studies to date have reported on return-to-sport or patient reported outcome scores for this specific patient population. This study examined patient reported outcomes in children who underwent a physeal-sparing ACL reconstruction with a minimum of two-year follow-up. Methods: Surgical logs of ACLR performed at a single pediatric/adolescent sports medicine center from 2011 to 2016 were reviewed. Patients with open physes who had ACLR with a hybrid physeal sparing or all-epiphyseal technique were identified. Patients were treated by one of two pediatric sports trained orthopedic surgeons. Their demographics, operative reports, rehabilitative course, time to return-to-play, and post-operative course were retrospectively reviewed. Prospective patient reported outcomes scores, ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) or Pediatric IKDC (Pedi-IKDC) and return to sport questionnaire including pre-injury primary sport and competition level, ability to return to pre-injury level of competition following ACLR and subsequent ACL injury were collected. Results: There were 49 patients who met inclusion criteria. Prospectively collected data was obtained for 25 patients at an average of 4.6 (range 2.1-8.0) years following surgery. The average chronological age of patients at time of surgery was 12.8 ± 1.4 years with an average bone age of 13.5 ± 1.3 years. At mid-term follow-up, the average chronological age was 17.2 ± 2.0 years. Average Pedi-IKDC or IKDC score was 94.2 ± 9.2 and ACL-RSI Score was 89.2 ± 18.3. There were 23 patients who considered themselves athletes prior to surgery, 8 patients identifying as recreational athletes competing in town or school leagues and 15 patients identifying as competitive athletes participating on youth travel or club leagues. All patients reported the ability to return to their primary sport following ACLR, with 74% returning to the same or higher level of competition, of which 6 were recreational athletes and 11 were competitive athletes. In addition, 6 patients did not complete outcomes data, but had suffered tear of their ipsilateral (3) or contralateral (3) side and were treated at the same facility. These patients were included in calculation of overall re-tear rate of 12.5% (5 patients) and contralateral tear of 25% (8 patients). Conclusion: Mid-term results of patients treated with a hybrid physeal-sparing or all-epiphyseal ACLR were favorable, with adolescents reporting a high level of functional ability and strong psychological readiness to engage in athletic activities. Re-tear and contralateral tear rates were equivalent to other reported studies. These physeal-sparing techniques demonstrate the ability for young athletes to successfully remain physically active and involved in their sports several years following surgery.

4100Exercise related sudden cardiac death in the young in Sweden 2000–2010 – a nationwide study showing decreasing incidence in competitive athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Wisten ◽  
M Borjesson ◽  
P Krantz ◽  
E L Stattin
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy ◽  
County Council ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Competitive Athletes

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is uncommon, but accounts for a majority of natural, unexpected sudden death in the young population. Exercise, although clearly health promoting for the vast majority of individuals, is also historically well known as a potential trigger of SCD. Previous studies have reported varying results concerning the comparative risk of SCD in competitive athletes versus non-athletes. Purpose The aim was to study all exercise related SCD in 10–35 years old in Sweden during the 11-year period 2000–2010, regarding the frequency, etiology, prevalence of symptoms, family history and/or ECG-changes; and to estimate the SCD incidence in the young and specifically in competitive athletes and to compare it with data from the previous decade. Methods We have previously identified all cases of SCD in 1–35 years old during 2000–2010 by systematic search in the Swedish Cause of Death Registry and the database of Forensic Medicine (n=552). From this cohort, we identified 514 cases in 10–35-years old, 373 (73%) men, and 141 (27%) women. For each case, information on circumstances at death, pathogenesis, athletic activity, medical history, symptoms, substance use, and heredity was assembled from autopsy-, police- and medical records. Results Exercise-related SCD occurred in 12% (62/514), a majority being men (56/62; 90%). Two thirds were recreational athletes, one-third competitive athletes. In total, 48% had either previous cardiac disease (27%), family history (27%), symptoms (32%), or an abnormal ECG (45%) before death. The most prevalent diagnosis was sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) (15/62; 24%). Exercise-related SCD was more frequent in men with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (p=0.0008) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (p=0.001), compared to non-exercise related SCD. The SCD incidence in competitive athletes was 9.4/million per year in men, and 0.6/million per year in women, which was around half the incidence compared to the years 1992–99. The SCD incidence in the general population was 22.3/million per year in men and 9.6/million per year in women. However, the risk of exercise-related SCD was twice as high in competitive athletes compared to recreational athletes. Conclusions 12% of SCD cases in the young Swedish population are exercise-related, with SADS being the most common etiology. The risk of exercise-related SCD is higher for competitive athletes compared to non-athletes. Specifically, exercise seems to trigger SCD in men with ARVC and HCM. About 50% have a pre-mortal risk profile. Importantly, the incidence of SCD in competitive athletes has been approximately halved in the 2000's compared to the 1990's. Theoretically, increased awareness, safety measures and cardiac screening may all have attributed to this positive development. We advocate a uniform evaluation of all exercise-related SCD in young athletes, including optimal histology and genetic analysis at autopsy. Acknowledgement/Funding Grants from Marcus Borgström, Uppsala University, the Swedish Medical Society, and from Norrbotten County Council

Dynamic Stability of Task-Related Thoughts in Trained Runners

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi García ◽  
Selen Razon ◽  
Robert Hristovski ◽  
Natàlia Balagué ◽  
Gershon Tenenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Nonlinear Model ◽  
Metastable Phase ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion ◽  
Attention Focus ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Trained Runners

Drawing upon the nonlinear model of attention focus, the purpose of this study was to compare the intrinsic and intentional dynamics of task-related thoughts (TRT) in trained runners and nonrunners during an incremental maximal test. Fourteen trained runners and 14 nonrunners were assigned to 2 conditions: intrinsic (nonimposed thoughts) and intentional (imposed, task-unrelated thoughts; TUT). A significant effect of running velocity over TUT/TRT dynamics in both groups and conditions was observed (p < .001). Although, all participants received instructions to keep TUT for the entire duration of the test, an initially stable TUT phase was followed by a metastable phase (i.e., switches between TUT and TRT) an a final stable TRT phase nearing volitional exhaustion. The stable TRT phase lasted longer in runners group (p < .05) and included higher probabilities in pace monitoring thoughts subcategory (p < .05). The results revealed that trained runners seem to use TRT (i.e., pace monitoring) to maximize performance, and confirm the nonlinear model of attention focus during incremental maximal run in trained runners and nonrunners.

scholarly journals Estimating the Energy Costs of Intermittent Exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Scott ◽  
Charles Fountaine
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
State Energy ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
State Models ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Cost Components

Abstract To date, steady state models represent the only acceptable methodology for the estimation of exercise energy costs. Conversely, comparisons made between continuous and intermittent exercise generally reveal major physiological discrepancies, leading to speculation as to why steady state energy expenditure models should be applied to intermittent exercise. Under intermittent conditions, skeletal muscle invokes varying aerobic and anaerobic metabolic responses, each with the potential to make significant contributions to overall energy costs. We hypothesize that if the aerobic-only energetic profile of steady state exercise can be used to estimate the energetics of non-steady state and intermittent exercise, then the converse also must be true. In fact, reasonable estimates of energy costs to work volumes or work rates can be demonstrated under steady state, non-steady state and intermittent conditions; the problem with the latter two is metabolic variability. Using resistance training as a model, estimates of both aerobic and anaerobic energy cost components, as opposed to one or the other, have reduced the overall energetic variability that appears inherent to brief, intense, intermittent exercise models.

Open Latarjet Procedures Produce Better Outcomes in Competitive Athletes Compared With Recreational Athletes: A Clinical Comparative Study of 106 Athletes Aged Under 30 Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1408-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Baverel ◽  
Pierre-Emmanuel Colle ◽  
Mo Saffarini ◽  
Guillaume Anthony Odri ◽  
Johannes Barth
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Shoulder Instability ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Anterior Instability ◽  
Shoulder Stabilization ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Clinical Scores ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Test Result

Background: In cases of shoulder stabilization for anterior instability, the main goals of the surgery are a rapid and efficient return to sports and excellent long-term outcomes without recurrence of dislocation, particularly in young and competitive athletes. Purpose: To determine whether outcomes of open Latarjet procedure (OLPs) depend on the level of sports practiced by patients and to report clinical scores and complication rates for OLP at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was conducted for all patients who underwent OLP by the senior author (J.B.) between July 2007 and December 2012. The indication for OLP at the authors’ institution was a minimum of 2 episodes of dislocation and/or subluxation, a positive apprehension test result in the cocking position, an Instability Severity Index Score more than 2, and evidence of anterior instability lesions on computed tomography arthrograms. The 106 included patients (110 shoulders) with a mean follow-up of 46 months were compared in 2 groups depending on sport activities: 57 (54%) competitive athletes and 49 (46%) recreational athletes. The principal outcome measure was evidence of recurrent instability. The secondary outcome measures were clinical scores related to anterior instability and related to sport practice: Rowe score, Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OSIS), Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, and level of satisfaction. Results: Of the 106 patients, 3 reported recurrence of shoulder dislocation: 2 competitive athletes (3.5%; 95% CI, 0.9%-11.2%) and 1 recreational athlete (2%; 95% CI, 0.4%-10.7%) ( P = .684). The persistent apprehension test result was positive in 7 competitive athletes (11.5%) and in 5 recreational athletes (10%) ( P = .566). The Rowe scores improved from 56.3 ± 13.2 (range, 30-80) preoperatively to 84.2 ± 16.4 (range, 30-100) postoperatively in competitive athletes and from 55.0 ± 11.0 (range, 35-80) to 69.5 ± 22.0 (range, 15-100) in recreational athletes ( P < .001). The net improvement in Rowe scores was significantly greater in competitive athletes (27.9 ± 21.7) compared with recreational athletes (14.5 ± 24.4) ( P = .006). The scores unrelated to sport activity (Oxford Shoulder Instability Score and Simple Shoulder Test) were similar for the 2 groups. All 57 (100%) competitive athletes and 34 (69.4%) recreational athletes resumed their previous sports practice, at the same level or higher than before their injury (respectively, 78.9% and 42.9%; P = .004). Conclusion: The OLP could be considered for primary shoulder stabilization, particularly in competitive athletes, who have high functional demands and great risks of redislocation.

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