Analisis Faktor Eksternal Yang Dominan Terhadap Biaya Overhead Proyek Konstruksi

ABSTRACTOverhead costs are one of the cost components that play an important role in the company's performance in maintaining good quality work. However, the overhead costs in a project are different and are influenced by several factors. One of the factors that influence it is the external factor of the project. The external factors of each project are different. This is because each project must adapt the workplace environment to certain functions, designs, and preferences. On that basis, to be able to better estimate the overhead in a project, further costs are needed for any external factors that affect construction overhead project costs, and a few percent of the direct costs of construction projects to anticipate the risks caused by overhead costs. . Data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to some people working in the construction sector from contractors in several regions in Indonesia. The analysis results obtained as many as 3 groups of external factors that affect construction project overhead costs, namely economic factors, legal factors, and sociocultural factors related to the COVID-19 pandemicABSTRAKBiaya overhead merupakan salah satu komponen biaya yang berperan dan berpengaruh penting terhadap kinerja perusahaan konstruksi dalam menjaga kualitas pekerjaan yang baik. Akan tetapi biaya overhead dalam suatu proyek berbeda-beda, dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhinya ialah faktor eksternal proyek. Faktor eksternal dari setiap proyek berbeda-beda. Hal ini dikarenakan setiap proyek harus menyesuaikan lingkungan tempat kerja dengan fungsi, desain, serta prefensi tertentu. Atas dasar itu, untuk dapat lebih baik dalam mengestimasi biaya overhead dalam sebuah proyek maka diperlukan identifikasi lebih jauh terhadap faktor-faktor eksternal apa saja yang dominan berpengaruh terhadap biaya overhead proyek konstruksi, dan menyisihkan beberapa persen dari biaya langsung proyek konstruksi untuk mengantisipasi resiko yang disebabkan oleh biaya overhead. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner terstruktur yang disebarkan kepada sejumlah orang yang bekerja di bidang konstruksi dari pihak kontraktor di beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh sebanyak 3 kelompok faktor eksternal yang dominan mempengaruhi biaya overhead proyek konstruksi, yaitu faktor ekonomi, faktor legal, dan faktor sosial-budaya yang juga berkenaan dengan adanya pandemi COVID-19.

Complex optical elements for scanning helium microscopy through 3D printing

Developing the next generation of scanning helium microscopes requires the fabrication of optical elements with complex internal geometries. We show that resin stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing produces low-cost components with the requisite convoluted structures whilst achieving the required vacuum properties, even without in situ baking. As a case study, a redesigned pinhole plate optical element of an existing scanning helium microscope was fabricated using SLA 3D printing. In comparison to the original machined component, the new optical element minimised the key sources of background signal, in particular multiple scattering and the secondary effusive beam.

56 Awardee Talk: Genetic Improvement of Disease Resilience

Infectious disease represents one of the largest cost components to the swine industry, incurring veterinary costs, loss of pigs due to mortality, reduced performance, and reduced animal welfare. Strategies to reduce the incidence and impact of infectious disease include biosecurity, vaccination, veterinary treatment, and selection for genetic resistance. However, biosecurity protocols that keep most infectious pathogens out are not feasible at the commercial level in hog-dense regions, effective vaccines are only available and/or efficacious for some pathogens, and complete genetic resistance is also limited to only a few pathogens (e.g. F18 E.coli) or is only possible to achieve by gene editing (e.g. the PRRS-resistant pig created by editing the CD163 gene). Given these limitations, commercial pigs will continue to be exposed to and infected by pathogens for the foreseeable future. In such a scenario, the ability of an animal to clear the infection while maintaining performance is an important characteristic, which is referred to as disease resilience and is a useful target for inclusion in breeding programs. However, collection of data on disease resilience for genetic improvement requires animals to be exposed to disease, which is not possible in the nucleus herds of breeding programs that most selection is practiced in. To study the genetic basis of disease resilience and develop phenotypes, genetic tests, or indicator traits that could be used to select for disease resilience, a polymicrobial natural disease challenge model was established in grow-finish pigs at the Center de Développement du Porc du Québec, in collaboration with PigGen Canada. The purpose of this presentation is to present results on phenotypes that are relevant to disease resilience, including estimates of genetic parameters, and on potential indicator traits for disease resilience that could be collected in nucleus herds. Funding by Genome Canada, Genome Alberta, PigGen Canada, and USDA NIFA grant #2017-67007-26144.

Evaluasi Harga Jual Dengan Metode Cost Plus Pricing Pendekatan Full Costing Pada UMKM Saputra Snack Di Kota Bontang

This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the calculation in determining the selling price between the UMKM Saputra Snack method with the cost plus pricing method with full costing approach and to know the selling price use the cost plus pricing method with full costing approach at the UMKM Saputra Snack can be able to competitive. The type of research is used quantitative. The research method used case study. The analysis technique used to calculation of the selling price using the cost plus pricing method with a full costing approach. The data used in this study are data on production costs and non-production costs during 2019. The results show that there are differences in setting the selling price because of the inaccuracy in treating cost components, namely the components of factory overhead costs such as equipment depreciation costs, production building depreciation, administrative costs, marketing costs in calculating the cost of goods manufactured which are used as the basis for determining the selling price. So that the calculation of the selling price with the cost plus pricing method, the full costing approach is greater than selling price of UMKM Saputra Snack. The results of the evaluation of the selling price of product using the cost plus pricing method of the full costing approach at UMKM Saputra Snack can still compete with similar products, because the selling price of similar products on the market is still high. Therefore, the results of the evaluation of the selling price of UMKM Saputra Snack's product are still reasonable and the selling price of the product can be increased so that it can increase the profit as expected.

Cost of septic and aseptic revision total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review

Background The increasing incidence of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has led to an increase in both the incidence and the cost burden of revision TKA procedures. This study aimed to review the literature on the cost of revision TKA for septic and aseptic causes and to identify the major cost components contributing to the cost burden. Methods We searched MEDLINE (OvidSp), Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EconLit, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. Selection, data extraction and assessment of the risk of bias and cost transparency within the studies were conducted by two independent reviewers, after which the cost data were analysed narratively for 1- or 2-stage septic revision without re-revision; 2-stage septic revision with re-revision; and aseptic revision with and without re-revision, respectively. The major cost components identified in the respective studies were also reported. Results The direct medical cost from the healthcare provider perspective for high-income countries for 2-stage septic revision with re-revision ranged from US$66,629 to US$81,938, which can be about 2.5 times the cost of 1- or 2-stage septic revision without re-revision, (range: US$24,027 – US$38,109), which can be about double the cost of aseptic revision without re-revision (range: US$13,910 – US$29,213). The major cost components were the perioperative cost (33%), prosthesis cost (28%), and hospital ward stay cost (22%). Conclusions Septic TKA revision with re-revision for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) increases the cost burden of revision TKA by 4 times when compared to aseptic single-stage revision and by 2.5 times when compared to septic TKA revision that does not undergo re-revision. Cost reductions can be achieved by reducing the number of primary TKA that develop PJI, avoidance of re-revisions for PJI, and reduction in the length of stay after revision. Trial registration PROSPERO; CRD42020171988.

MODEL OPTIMISASI UNTUK MASALAH MINIMISASI BIAYA PERJALANAN WISATA TUR-TUNGGAL DI ZONA KEPULAUAN

This study aims to develop an optimization model for solving the insular cost minimization single-tour travel problems. The model was developed using an integer non-linear programming approach by considering the selection of departure and arrival points of an island, selecting accommodation points, selecting transportation mode departure schedules, and selecting travel routes both within islands and between islands. The cost components considered include inter-island travel costs, land travel costs, costs at selective points, and costs waiting for departure. A numerical experiment was conducted on the case of planning a tourist route in Maluku, Indonesia. The departure day scenario is built to find out the exact route and schedule on each day of departure with a minimum total cost. In addition, comparisons were also made to the results obtained in the time minimization model that was introduced earlier. The results showed that the model can adapt through variations of solutions to changes in the given parameters and objectives.

Management of Energy Costs of Industrial Enterprises Connected to Electric Grid of Electric Power Producers

Industrial enterprises connected to the power grids of electricity producers spend a lot of money on the transport of purchased electrical energy. The present article introduces some opportunities to minimize the costs. The author studied the principles of pricing of the transport of electrical energy purchased by industrial enterprises connected to power grids of electricity producers and described the advantages and disadvantages of the existing pricing options. The new indicator generator of voltage tariff coefficient made it possible to analyze the effectiveness of the transport tariffs for electrical energy at various types of industrial enterprises in relation to the tariff field of several regions of Russia. The study revealed ineffectiveness of the current tariffs on the transport of purchased electrical energy applied by such industrial enterprises. The author developed recommendations to reduce the cost of electricity. The main priority option was the application of demand management for electricity consumption by regulating the schedules of energy-intensive technological processes. This measure takes into account the criteria of economic efficiency, system reliability, and sustainability. It will enable industrial enterprises to manage their own schedule of electricity consumption without having to change the planned production volumes, thus reducing all cost components.

BIAYA REVEGETASI GAMBUT BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK SPESIFIK LAHAN GAMBUT

Peat revegetation is an effort to reduce the rate of areas reduction and the decreasing of storing capability of carbon and to restore the ecological function of peatlands. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost components of peatland revegetation activities and to analyze the cost of each peat revegetation activity component. The research location taked place in 2 (two) villages, Haur Gading District, HSU Regency, South Kalimantan. The components of revegetation costs were grouped into: transportation costs, tools and mateials, payment and other costs. Data obtained from surveys and field observations and interviews. The data analysis used were a tabulation matrix and a comparison of each cost component for revegetation activities from the 2 compared villages. The total cost of Village A peatland revegetation activities is 10,851,018/ha. The characteristics of the community in Village A are very participatory and willing to cooperate with outside parties so that revegetation activities in this Village run well. The very high value of mutual cooperation and the desire to put common interests first became the basis for their actions. Village B revegetation activity costs Rp.12,117,883.00/ha. The very large costs involved in the procurement of seedlings due to the addition of 3,500 seedlings/21ha as replacements for dead, damaged or lost seedlings. The difference in the cost of revegetation activities is IDR 1,266,865/ha. This shows that a high level of participation and cooperation is able to reduce the cost of revegetation of peatlands.

The Effect of Transaction Costs on The Benefits of Hybrid Maize Farming in Dompu District, West Nusa Tenggara

The characteristics of imperfect markets are characterized by the presence of transaction costs. One sector that is an imperfect market is the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of transaction costs and the implications of transaction costs on the benefits of hybrid corn farming. The research method uses transaction cost analysis and multiple linear regression. The research was conducted in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara with 120 respondents as corn farmers. The results show that implementation costs are the component of transaction costs that have the highest percentage of 43.35%, then supervision costs are 28.37%, transportation costs are 20.61%, negotiation costs are 3.70%, information costs are 3.41% and coordination 0.57%. These transaction cost components are distributed in each hybrid corn farming cycle, among others; (1) birth cycle; (2) cropping cycle; (3) maintenance cycle; (4) supervision; (5) harvest cycle; and (6) postharvest cycle. The postharvest cycle is the cycle that has the highest percentage of 23.17%, then the maintenance cycle is 18.53%, the harvest cycle is 17.65%, the cropping cycle is 17.28% and the control cycle is 13.99%. Transaction costs have a positive and significant effect on the profits of hybrid corn farming.

Hospital Construction Cost Affecting Their Lifecycle: An Italian Overview

The need for 24/7 operation, and the increasing requests of high-quality healthcare services contribute to framing healthcare facilities as a complex topic, also due to the changing and challenging environment and huge impact on the community. Due to its complexity, it is difficult to properly estimate the construction cost in a preliminary phase where easy-to-use parameters are often necessary. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of the issue with reference to the Italian context and proposes an estimation framework for analyzing hospital facilities’ construction cost. First, contributions from literature reviews and 14 case studies were analyzed to identify specific cost components. Then, a questionnaire was administered to construction companies and experts in the field to obtain data coming from practical and real cases. The results obtained from all of the contributions are an overview of the construction cost components. Starting from the data collected and analyzed, a preliminary estimation tool is proposed to identify the minimum and maximum variation in the cost when programming the construction of a hospital, starting from the feasibility phase or the early design stage. The framework involves different factors, such as the number of beds, complexity, typology, localization, technology degree and the type of maintenance and management techniques. This study explores the several elements that compose the cost of a hospital facility and highlights future developments including maintenance and management costs during hospital facilities’ lifecycle.