scholarly journals Antenatal Treatment with Glucocorticoids and the Hypotalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Manojlović-Stojanoski ◽  
Nataša Ristić ◽  
Sandra Singh ◽  
Verica Milošević
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Potent Effect ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Synthetic Glucocorticoids

Summary Fetal development is a critical period in the life cycle which is why the placenta provides a structural and physiological barrier that protects the fetus from the outer fluctuations and inner disturbances. A variety of influences from the environment, however, might induce fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids that target the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and influence the fetal growth trajecto-r y. Development of the HPA axis starts in the early stages of pregnancy, but the timing of HPA axis maturation and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in relation to birth is highly species-specific. The functional state of the fetal HPA axis plays a key role in the maturation of many organs necessary for intrauterine development and existence after birth. A functional HPA axis in near-term fetuses provides an adequate response to stress and also affects the timing of parturition. Due to their potent effect on the maturation of fetal tissues, synthetic glucocorticoids are used in human pregnancy at risk of preterm delivery. Dexamethasone and betamethasone, as the ones most commonly used, cross the placental enzymatic barrier (11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 – 11b-HSD2) and have 25-fold higher affinity to the GR than endogenous glucocorticoids, stimulating many aspects of fetal maturation. Despite the numerous positive effects, exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids during fetal development may result in intrauterine growth retardation and fetal programming of the HPA axis function which is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and psychiatric disorders manifested later in life. Long-term consequences indicate the need for the implementation of new studies that will provide a better understanding of the link between glucocorti-coid overexposure during fetal development and adverse outcomes in adulthood.

scholarly journals The Effect of an Anthropogenic Magnetic Field on the Early Developmental Stages of Fishes—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Formicki ◽  
Agata Korzelecka-Orkisz ◽  
Adam Tański
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Egg Activation ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Early Developmental

The number of sources of anthropogenic magnetic and electromagnetic fields generated by various underwater facilities, industrial equipment, and transferring devices in aquatic environment is increasing. These have an effect on an array of fish life processes, but especially the early developmental stages. The magnitude of these effects depends on field strength and time of exposure and is species-specific. We review studies on the effect of magnetic fields on the course of embryogenesis, with special reference to survival, the size of the embryos, embryonic motor function, changes in pigment cells, respiration hatching, and directional reactions. We also describe the effect of magnetic fields on sperm motility and egg activation. Magnetic fields can exert positive effects, as in the case of the considerable extension of sperm capability of activation, or have a negative influence in the form of a disturbance in heart rate or developmental instability in inner ear organs.

HPA-AXIS RESPONSE TO STRESS IN DEPRESSION AND OLD AGE

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 217B
Author(s):  
U. Gotthardt ◽  
I. Heuser
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Response To Stress

scholarly journals The Brain–Skin Axis in Psoriasis—Psychological, Psychiatric, Hormonal, and Dermatological Aspects

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Luiza Marek-Jozefowicz ◽  
Rafał Czajkowski ◽  
Alina Borkowska ◽  
Bogusław Nedoszytko ◽  
Michał A. Żmijewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Functional Analog ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
The Brain

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with systemic manifestation, in which psychological factors play an important role. The etiology of psoriasis is complex and multifactorial, including genetic background and environmental factors such as emotional or physical stress. Psychological stress may also play a role in exacerbation of psoriasis, by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic–adrenal–medullary axis, peripheral nervous system, and immune system. Skin cells also express various neuropeptides and hormones in response to stress, including the fully functional analog of the HPA axis. The deterioration of psoriatic lesions is accompanied by increased production of inflammatory mediators, which could contribute to the imbalance of neurotransmitters and the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety. Therefore, deregulation of the crosstalk between endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine stress signaling pathways contributes to clinical manifestations of psoriasis, which requires multidisciplinary approaches.

Role of the basolateral amygdala in mediating the effects of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 on HPA axis response to stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1511-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Bedse ◽  
Roberto Colangeli ◽  
Angelo M. Lavecchia ◽  
Adele Romano ◽  
Fabio Altieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Amide Hydrolase ◽  
Fatty Acid Amide

scholarly journals Air pollution is associated with elevated HPA-Axis response to stress in anxious adolescent girls

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 100015
Author(s):  
Jonas G. Miller ◽  
Julia S. Gillette ◽  
Katharina Kircanski ◽  
Joelle LeMoult ◽  
Ian H. Gotlib
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Response To Stress

scholarly journals Effect of glucocorticoid therapy on adrenal function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Gita Widyapuri ◽  
Djajadiman Gatot ◽  
Aman Bakti Pulungan ◽  
Badriul Hegar
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Induction Phase ◽  
Acth Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Cortisol Levels

BackgroundGlucocorticoids play an important role in thetreatment ofacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but can causeside effects such as suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis. Suppression of the HPA axis causes adrenal insufficiency, disturbs the cortisol response to stress, and may be a cause of morbidity and mortality in children with ALL.ObjectiveTo evaluate adrenal function in children with ALL afterinduction chemotherapy with high dose glucocorticoids.MethodsThe adrenal function of 20 children with ALL wasevaluated using a standard dose (250 μ g) adrenocorticotropinhormone (ACTH) test performed before and after a 6 week oftreatment with glucocorticoids induction phase chemotherapy,which was followed by a week period tapering off. Adrenalinsuffien cy was defined as blood cortisol level of < 18 μg/dLResultsAdrenal insufficiency was found in 14/20 subjects afterthe induction phase followed by a week period of tapering off.Median cortisol levels pre- and post-stimulation before inductionphase were 14.72 (range 2.0 1- 46. 1) μg/dL and 29.29 (range 21.65 - 55 .15) μg/dL, respectively. Median cortisol levels pre- and poststimulation after induction phase were 5.87 (range 0.2 - 20.53)μg/dL and 10.49 (range 0.33 - 28.69) μg/dL, respectively. Clinicalsigns and symptoms did not differ between those with and withoutadrenal insufficiency.ConclusionOf 20 children with ALL, 14 develop adrenalinsufficiency after a 6-week induction therapy with glucocorticoidsand followed by a week period of tapering off. No specific clinicalsigns and symptoms are identified to be related to the adrenalinsufficiency.

scholarly journals Minireview: Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis by gp130 Signaling Molecules

Endocrinology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 1571-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Chesnokova ◽  
Shlomo Melmed
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Pituitary Development ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Pomc Gene

Abstract The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bidirectionally. The neuro-immune-endocrine interface is mediated by cytokines acting as auto/paracrine or endocrine factors regulating pituitary development, cell proliferation, hormone secretion, and feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. At birth or during neonatal ontogenesis, cytokines produce permanent alterations of HPA axis function and the stress response. Overexpressing IL-6 or leukemia inhibitory factor leads to significant changes in pituitary development and functions. Pituitary corticotroph POMC gene expression is regulated by CRH as well as several gp130 cytokines acting as neuro-immuno-endocrine modulators. Conversely, HPA axis functions modulate susceptibility or resistance to inflammatory disease. Cytokines (including IL-1, TNF, and members of the gp130 cytokine family) participate as mediators of a complex HPA axis response to stress and inflammation. Prolonged exposure to proinflammatory cytokines increases levels of the dominant negative glucocorticoid receptor isoform. Nonresponsiveness of the HPA axis to glucocorticoid negative feedback control provides a defense from destructive effects of cytokine excess. At the same time, gp130 cytokines stimulate pituitary suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3, which represses cytokine signaling and abrogates cytokine-induced corticotroph POMC gene transcription and ACTH secretion.

scholarly journals The germination niches of grassland species targeted for restoration: effects of seed pre-treatments

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Wagner ◽  
Richard F. Pywell ◽  
Tatjana Knopp ◽  
James M. Bullock ◽  
Matthew S. Heard
Keyword(s):  
Light Availability ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Calcareous Grassland ◽  
Species Introduction ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Germination Niche

AbstractRestoration of semi-natural grassland communities involves a combination of (1) sward disturbance to create a temporal window for establishment, and (2) target species introduction, the latter usually by seed sowing. With great regularity, particular species establish only poorly. More reliable establishment could improve outcome of restoration projects and increase cost-effectiveness. We investigated the abiotic germination niche of ten poorly establishing calcareous grassland species by simultaneously exploring the effects of moisture and light availability and temperature fluctuation on percentage germination and speed of germination. We also investigated the effects of three different pre-treatments used to enhance seed germination – cold-stratification, osmotic priming and priming in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) – and how these affected abiotic germination niches. Species varied markedly in width of abiotic germination niche, ranging from Carex flacca with very strict abiotic requirements, to several species reliably germinating across the whole range of abiotic conditions. Our results suggest pronounced differences between species in gap requirements for establishment. Germination was improved in most species by at least one pre-treatment. Evidence for positive effects of adding GA3 to seed priming solutions was limited. In several species, pre-treated seeds germinated under a wider range of abiotic conditions than untreated seeds. Improved knowledge of species-specific germination niches and the effects of seed pre-treatments may help to improve species establishment by sowing, and to identify species for which sowing at a later stage of restoration or introduction as small plants may represent a more viable strategy.

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