scholarly journals “In Harmony with Reason”: John Duns Scotus’s Theo-aesth/ethics

Open Theology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Divine Command ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Accurate Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Way

AbstractOver the past two decades, the debate has intensified over the nature of John Duns Scotus’s (meta) ethics: is it a purely voluntarist “divine command” ethics or is it still based on rational principles? The former side is exemplified by Thomas Williams and the latter by Allan Wolter. Scotus claims that even the divine commandments that are not based on natural law are still somehow “in harmony with reason.” But what does this mean? Richard Cross in a recent study claims that God’s reasons for establishing certain moral norms are “aesthetic.” However, he fails to show clearly what is “aesthetic” about these reasons or why God’s will would follow “aesthetic” principles in legislating moral norms. This article clarifies both points, first, by painting an up-to-date picture of what constitutes “aesthetic” principles, and second, by providing a more accurate model of the way the human volitional faculty operates and addressing the problem of the “freedom of the will” from a present-day point of view.

scholarly journals MAKING THE CONTENTS OF LETTERS IN THE NOTARIS IN ISLAM'S LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Tubus Tubus
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Way

This paper aims to examine the making of the contents of wills examined from the point of view of Islamic law, in practice the reality in the lives of many people who have not heed the word basmallah as an incantation in the contents of the will for the followers of Islam. In this study using sociological juridical method, where the primary data obtained directly from field research, while secondary data obtained from the literature. The results obtained that the way of making the contents of the will and the absence of public legal awareness is optimal for the making of the contents of wills in accordance with Islamic law. And there are still weaknesses in the Making and Implementation of the contents of the current will, when the testament is oral, namely: The absence of the sacred intention or the noble intention of the collector must not necessarily occur; unsecured rights of the recipient, in the event of any problems of the future heirs of the pewasiat; there is a difficulty of proof in the absence of witnesses, when the will is brought before the Court. Law renewal in the making of the contents of the will in the presence of a notary in the perspective of Islamic law are: the reconstruction of its value, the Ideal Formation of the Will, the testament is done in writing witnessed by two witnesses and before the Notary. Ideal Construction Format of Testament Creation. The testament is written in the presence of two witnesses or in the form of a Deed or a Notary Deed. At the head of the will or the Deed or Notarial deed is included a sentence “Basmallah”.

scholarly journals Edwards on the Incompatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Free Will

Sententiae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Oleh Bondar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
Divine Foreknowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
The Will ◽  
Theological Fatalism ◽  
Nelson Pike ◽  
Necessity Of The Past

In the book “Freedom of the Will”, Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) put forward a strong ar-gument for theological fatalism. This argument, I suppose, can be considered as the universal basis for discussion between Fatalists and Anti-Fatalists in the 20th century, especially in the context of the most powerful argument for fatalism, introduced by Nelson Pike. The argument of Edwards rests upon the following principles: (a) if something has been the case in the past, it has been the case necessarily (Necessity of the past); (b) if God knows something (say A), it is not the case that ~A is possible (Infallibility of God`s knowledge). Hence, Edwards infers that if God had foreknowledge that A, then A is necessary, and it is not the case that someone could voluntarily choose ~A. The article argues that (i) the Edwards` inference Kgp → □p rests upon the modal fallacy; (ii) the inference „God had a knowledge that p will happen, therefore „God had a knowledge that p will happen” is the proposition about the past, and hence, the necessarily true proposition“ is ambiguous; thus, it is not the case that this proposition necessarily entails the impossibility of ~p; (iii) it is not the case that p, being known by God, turns out to be necessary. Thus, we can avoid the inference of Edwards that if Kgp is a fact of the past, then we cannot freely choose ~p. It has also been shown that the main provisions of the argument of Edwards remain significant in the context of contemporary debates about free will and foreknowledge (Theories of soft facts, Anti-Ockhamism, theories of temporal modal asymmetry, „Timeless solution”). Additionally, I introduce a new challenge for fatalism – argument from Brouwerian axiom.

Augustine on will, freedom, and foreknowledge: De libero arbitrio, III, 1–3

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-332
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Human Freedom ◽  
Divine Foreknowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Way

AbstractTowards the beginning of the third book of De libero arbitrio, Augustine defends the compatibility of human freedom and divine foreknowledge. His defence appears to involve the idea that the will is essentially free. I discuss and evaluate Augustine's reasons for thinking that the will is essentially free, and the way that Augustine moves from the essential freedom of the will to the compatibility of human freedom and divine foreknowledge.

scholarly journals JUAL BELI DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Shobirin Shobirin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limit Time ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Way

Selling (business) is the exchange of wealth on the basis of mutual willing and the joint agreement. There are four Perversions, namely; (1) Marriage  (ijab qobul) (2) the prescribed is run (subject)   (3) ma›kud ‹alaih (object) useful objects according to the view of syara› (4) there is a replacement for exchange of goods.  The legality of ijab qobul conditions there are three; (a) Do Not in intersperse with other words between ijab qobul, (b) people - the prescribed is run (seller and buyers ) and (c) do not there separated the meaning the seller and buyers still no interaction about ijab qobul. Conditions of the legality of the seller and buyers there are four; (a) reached puberty understanding.   (b) Moslems, this condition specifically for buyers in certain objects objects (c) no objects or items in chairman voterâ (ma›kud alaih) and (d) not wasted (waste), the will of their own and there is no compulsion of the other party. Conditions of the legality of goods sold voterâ there are six; (a) must be holy (b) cannot be not to associate with something (c) cannot be in the limit time (d) its own, (e) can be known (seen), (f) can be known to the quality and the weight. various kinds of selling (business) in Islam, seen from the point of view of the two glass eyes of Islamic law there are two valid and cancel and from the eye of goods there are three (1) selling goods that appear, (2) selling mentioned the pharmacodynamic him in the promise and( 3) selling things that are not there. In Islam in business provide current accounts allow to choose to cancel the marriage of selling (business) called khiar, there are <br />three, namely; (1) khiar, assembly (2) khiar conditions (3) khiar disgrace. The wisdom of selling in Islam; (a) that selling (business) in Islam can be valuable social or helped against each other, will grow berbagain reward, (b) business in Islam is one of the ways to maintain cleanliness and halalnya items eaten for himself and his family, (c) business in Islam is the way to combat laziness, unemployment and extortion to others.

The Danaid Tetralogy of Aeschylus

1957 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Diamantopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Criticism ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Source ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
The Way

The humour of the passage in the Frogs (1419 ff.), in which the tragic poets reply with riddles on burning political issues, is explicable: research on the Eumenides shows that in this play Aeschylus projected political notions in much the way that he is presented by Aristophanes speaking in the Frogs: concentrating the attention of the spectator on the past of the Areopagus and on the circumstance of its foundation, he touches directly on the question which arose in 462–1 through the abolition of the political competence of this body, but he replies to it through a parable which is enigmatic for us. It is obviously such an expression as this that Aristophanes had in mind. It rests with philological and historical criticism to show whether in surviving tragedies other than Eumenides themes of an immediate public interest are put forward under the cover of myth, themes which, through ignorance of the date or of the exact conditions of the composition of the plays, have so far not been revealed. This essay examines from this point of view the Danaid tetralogy of Aeschylus.The subject of the Danaid tetralogy is taken from the story of Danaos and his daughters. For this, Aeschylus could draw on both a literary source, the Danais, and probably also on Argive traditions.Very little is known about the Danais. It did, however, include an account of the events which took place in Egypt between the houses of Danaos and Aigyptos, and it is likely, therefore, that it traced the course of this quarrel from the beginning.

scholarly journals Skrifbeskouing en Skrifhantering: Marcus Borg en die Hervormde Kerk – ʼn Vergelykende studie

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Van Eck
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

Marcus Borg, one of the most prominent New Testament scholars in the past four decades, is considered by many in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa as a liberal scholar. His understanding of the origin of the Bible, the way he interprets the Bible, and what he sees as the status and function of the Bible, should therefore be dismissed. A comparison of Borg’s point of view on these topics with that of the points of view of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa, however, indicates that Borg’s understanding of these matters differs not even marginally from that of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa. In a certain sense, Borg could therefore be described as a theologian who fits the mould of what is understood in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa as a responsible approach to and interpretation of the Bible.

Natural Law, Motives, and Freedom of the Will

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-261
Author(s):  
William H. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
The Will

Jonathan Edwards and the “American Difference”: Pragmatic Reflections on the “Sense of the Heart”

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Theological Method ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Early in Freedom of the Will Jonathan Edwards formulates a description of logical necessity that has important implications for the way we understand both his philosophical and theological method. He describes the principal forms of necessary meaning, delineating three modes of necessity: philosophical, moral and natural. Of these, the first is most important, for it indicates that, at the highest level, meaning is determined according to the structure of a proposition. Edwards states that “philosophical necessity is nothing different from certainty,” and the form of certainty, he tells us, “[is] nothing else than the full and fixed connection between the things signified by the subject and predicate of a proposition.”

British Conservatism in the Twentieth Century: An Emerging Ideological Tradition

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Fair ◽  
John A. Hutcheson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
National Party ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Will ◽  
Liberty Of Conscience ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Way

Lord Acton, one of the most formidable intellects of the last century, was a master of transforming seemingly complicated or contradictory principles into concise epigrammatic statements. Attempting to reconcile Edmund Burke's many liberal views with his reputed Conservatism, Acton asked why was Burke “not an entire liberal? How thoroughly he wished for liberty—of conscience—property, trade, slavery, etc. What stood against it? His notion of history. The claims of the past. The authority of time. The will of the dead. Continuity.” One of the most important lessons to be derived from Burke's writings—recognized by countless authorities as the wellspring of modern British Conservatism—is that Conservatism is not so much a system of thought or ideology as it is a general inclination and regard for history. The behavior of the Conservative Party has been governed by precedent and pragmatism rather than by rationalism and idealism. Words such as dogma, program, or even policy have never been part of its lexicon, whereas such words as spirit, tradition, or even “way“ have more aptly described its approach to politics.By the twentieth century the Conservative Party's preference for lessons from the past (in accordance with England's common law tradition) to any scientifically derived formulas had gained for it the twin monikers of “the national party” and “the stupid party.” But Conservatism does not claim to possess the “keys or the Kingdom,” notes Ian Gilmour, an active politician and Conservative theoretician. “There is no certainty about the route and no certainty about the destination. As Burke said of himself, the lead has to be heaved every inch of the way.” Such is the way that modern British Conservatives, at least, have wished to perceive themselves.

scholarly journals Categorization of Memes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ambrus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Richard Dawkins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The Way

Nowadays a huge amount of communication is performed in an online environment. This tendency facilitated the realization of certain digital elements specific to online interfaces. Generally speaking, it can be stated that a new genre appeared in the past few years – the memes, which are a combination of pictorial and textual elements, created and shared online. Richard Dawkins and Susan Blackmore, who provided the traditional meme definition, argue that a meme is what travels from brain to brain. Digital meme has a narrower interpretation, since it focuses on the textual-pictorial elements. According to the Cognitive Linguistic point of view, the conceptual metaphors, metonymies and blends are used in our everyday conceptualization processes (based on Lakoff and Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By, 1980 and Fauconnier–Turner’s The Way We Think, 2002). So it can be assumed that these digital elements also operate exploiting cognitive devices like metaphors and blends. Yet many questions arise: how can memes be categorized? Can a prototypical meme be identified? How do cognitive processes take place in the conceptualization? What is the source of humor? Based on the analysis performed, it can be concluded that there are prototypical memes, but different aspects have to be taken into account; and that the complexity of cognitive processes a meme operates with is strongly related to the viability of the topic that a particular meme is related to.

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