Effect of whole wheat feeding on selected immune parameters in growing male turkeys

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of whole wheat feeding on selected parameters of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in growing turkeys. A total of 210 one-day-old heavy-type Hybrid Converter male turkeys were randomly divided into three different dietary treatment groups, each consisting of 7 replicate pens of 10 birds per pen. Until 4 wk of age, all birds were fed a commercial diet formulated to meet nutrient requirements. From 5 to 12 wk of age, diets were composed of wheat (ground-pelleted or whole grain) and protein-fat-mineral-vitamin concentrate. The total wheat concentration in diets was 500 or 600 g/kg in the feeding periods of 5-8 and 9-12 wk of birds’ age, respectively. Whole grain wheat had a 0, 50 or 100% share of the total wheat amount in the daily ration in treatment groups W0, W50 or W100, respectively. Commercial vaccines against ND (Newcastle disease) and TRT (Turkey rhinotracheitis) were administered to turkeys via the drinking water on days 20 and 30, respectively. Over the entire experiment, a significant linear decrease was observed in body weight gains (BWG) with increasing dietary levels of whole grain wheat. As a result the BWG of control turkeys (W0) were significantly higher than the BWG of group W100 birds (P = 0.002). A significant linear increase in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed with increasing dietary levels of whole grain wheat (P < 0.001). The levels of antibodies against TRT and ND viruses after immunization were significantly higher in both the W50 and W100 group, in comparison to group W0 (P = 0.006 and P = 0.001, respectively). Turkeys from group W50, in comparison to those from groups W0 and W100, had a significantly higher percentage of CD4+ T cell subpopulation within the lymphocytes isolated from blood and ileal mucosa, as well as CD4+ CD8+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations within the blood immunocompetent cells (P = 0.022, P = 0.029, P = 0.009 and P = 0.011, respectively). In the cecal tonsils, the percentage of CD8+ T cell subpopulation was significantly lower in group W50 than in groups W0 and W100 (P = 0.014). The results of our study indicate that diluting diets with whole grain wheat stimulates the non-specific cell-mediated defense mechanisms of the gastrointestinal immune system in turkeys, thus positively affecting humoral response after vaccination

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Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Under Diets Supplemented with Whole Grains

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v13i2.7709 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 21-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

NK Sharma ◽

M Sapkota ◽

R Sah ◽

MP Sharma ◽

D Creswell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Control Group ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Whole Wheat ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

Feed Costs

This study was conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan with the objective to study the effects of mixing starter diet with whole grains on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. The control group (T1) was fed only with the commercial starter and grower diets throughout the experimental period. Other treatment groups, T2, T3, and T4 received commercial starter diets supplemented with whole wheat, cracked maize and bajra pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucam) respectively from day 6. At 37 days, cumulative feed intakes (FI) were significantly lower (P<0.01) for all the whole grain treated groups, the lowest FI being noted in T2 followed by T4 and T3. Cumulative body weights at 37 days were considerably poorer in the 3 whole grain treatments. Feed conversion ratio in T3 and T4 were equal to T1, at 1.70 whereas T2 FCR was 13 points higher than T1. Lower carcass yield and breast yield (P<0.05) were noted in whole grain diets except T3, which had similar figures to that of control. Whole grains produced a larger gizzards (P<0.01). Economic analysis favoured cracked maize and whole bajra treatments, each generating a net profit of NRs. 12.3/bird and NRs. 6.48/bird respectively. This study clearly demonstrated that these whole grains could be successfully fed to broilers in a method of diluting a starter diet. But more research is needed with higher nutrient density starter diets with some adjustments in whole grain dilution to develop an efficient method of whole grain feeding that gives at least equal weights, better FCR, and lower feed costs. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 21-28 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7709

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NY-ESO-1 Protein Formulated in ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant Is a Potent Anticancer Vaccine Inducing Both Humoral and CD8+ T-Cell-Mediated Immunity and Protection against NY-ESO-1+ Tumors

Clinical Cancer Research ◽

10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0245 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2879-2890 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Eugene Maraskovsky ◽

Sigrid Sjölander ◽

Debbie P. Drane ◽

Max Schnurr ◽

Thuy T. T. Le ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Anticancer Vaccine

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Functional T Cell Reconstitution and Human Immunodeficiency Virus–1–Specific Cell‐Mediated Immunity during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/314837 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 180 (1) ◽

pp. 76-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Oscar Pontesilli ◽

Susana Kerkhof‐Garde ◽

Daan W. Notermans ◽

Norbert A. Foudraine ◽

Marijke T. L. Roos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Highly Active ◽

T Cell Reconstitution ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

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Live performance and health of broiler chickens fed diets diluted with whole or crumbled wheat

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas95-090 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 611-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

C. D. Bennett ◽

H. L. Classen ◽

C. Riddell

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Live Performance ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Limited Effect ◽

Whole Wheat ◽

Finisher Diets

Broiler chicken diets were diluted with three levels of whole wheat and two levels of crumbled wheat to determine how feeding whole grain and diluting feed with wheat would alter the performance of male and female broilers. Grit was not used. The amount of extra wheat added increased from 5% at 11 d of age to a maximum level of 30% at 31 d of age. Body weight at 41 d of age averaged 2.130 kg for pullets and 2.422 kg for cockerels and was unaffected by diluting with wheat, in whole or crumbled form. Total mortality and cause of mortality were similarly unaffected by dilution and form of wheat. The feed:gain ratio from 11 to 41 d of age was increased significantly for cockerels from 1.75 at zero dilution to 1.84 at maximum dilution. Dilution did not affect the feed conversion of pullets and form did not influence the feed conversion of either sex. Dilution of broiler rations may be profitable because of the limited effect on bird performance. Pelleting all the wheat in poultry rations is unnecessary because bird performance is unaffected by feeding up to 30% whole grain in the finisher diets. Key words: Broiler chickens, whole wheat, pelleting

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IL-2 complex treatment amplifies CD8+ T cell mediated immunity following herpes simplex virus-1 infection

Microbes and Infection ◽

10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 735-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Naveen K. Rajasagi ◽

Barry T. Rouse

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

T Cell ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Complex Treatment ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽

Simplex Virus

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Cytometry by Time-of-Flight Shows Combinatorial Cytokine Expression and Virus-Specific Cell Niches within a Continuum of CD8+ T Cell Phenotypes

Immunity ◽

10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 142-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 413

Author(s):

Evan W. Newell ◽

Natalia Sigal ◽

Sean C. Bendall ◽

Garry P. Nolan ◽

Mark M. Davis

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Time Of Flight ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Cytokine Expression ◽

Specific Cell ◽

T Cell Phenotypes ◽

Cell Phenotypes

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TET2 Regulates CD8+ T Cell Responses to Acute and Chronic Viral Infection

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v126.23.2227.2227 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 126 (23) ◽

pp. 2227-2227

Author(s):

Shannon A. Carty ◽

Mercy Gohil ◽

Erietta Stelekati ◽

Lauren B. Banks ◽

E. John Wherry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Cell Expansion ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Dna Demethylation ◽

Chronic Viral Infection ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Activation Markers

Abstract DNA methylation is one of the major epigenetic mechanisms that controls cellular differentiation. The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of methylcytosine dioxygenases mediates active DNA demethylation through the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and subsequent intermediates. Here we demonstrate that TET2 regulates CD8+ T cell differentiation in vivo following acute and chronic viral infection. At steady-state, mice with a T-cell specific deletion of TET2 have intact thymic and peripheral T cell populations. Following acute viral infection with LCMV-Armstrong, TET2 loss enhances LCMV-specific CD8+ T cell memory differentiation in a cell-intrinsic manner without disrupting antigen-specific cell expansion or cytokine production. However, TET2-deficient memory CD8+ T cells exhibit altered recall responses with blunted re-expansion, retained expression of phenotypic memory markers and restricted re-expression of activation markers. During chronic viral infection with LCMV-clone 13, TET2 controls CD8+ T cell expansion and alters differentiation. Importantly, though mice with T-cell specific loss of TET2 developed similar levels of CD8+ T cell exhaustion as wild-type mice, TET2 loss specifically reduced PD-1 expression suggesting that TET2 may direct DNA demethylation of the PD-1 locus. Together, our data indicate that TET2 is an important regulator of CD8+ T cells following both acute and chronic viral infections and suggest targeting epigenetic regulators have potential for enhancing antiviral immunity. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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